PERZINAAN MENURUT PASAL 284 AYAT (1) KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PIDANA (KUHP)

Abstrak  Larangan zina dalam pasal 284 ayat (1) KUHP hanya mencakup orang yang telah menikah saja, sedangkan zina sesama lajang tidak termasuk dalam cakupan zina. Konsep tersebut berbeda dengan konsep dalam agama Islam, Kristen, Katolik, Hindu, Budha, dan Khong Cu, yang menganggap zina sebagai perbuatan jelek yang tidak boleh dilakukan semua orang. Moral Ketuhanan agama-agama merupakan etika dasar Negara, berdasarkan sila 1 Pancasila “Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa”. Nilai yang hidup dalam masyarakat juga menganggap zina sebagai perbuatan amoral yang tidak boleh dilakukan semua orang. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai pengaturan tindak pidana zina dalam KUHP, yang hanya melarang zina dilakukan oleh orang yang sudah menikah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif, yang mana akan membahas konsep pengaturan zina dalam KUHP dari perspektif normatif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan sejarah. Zina dalam KUHP hanya dilarang bagi yang sudah menikah, karena untuk melindungi perkawinan. Sedang agama-agama melarang zina bagi semua orang, karena didasarkan pada sifat zina yang tercela. Keterkaitan agama dengan hukum diatur dalam sila 1 Pancasila, pasal 29 UUD RI 1945,  Bab II angka 1 TAP MPR No. VI/MPR/2001, Bab IV angka 1 butir a TAP MPR No. VII/MPR/2001, Undang-Undang No. 17 Tahun 2007, pasal 1 dan 2 Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974, pasal 2 dan 4 Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Agama mempengaruhi nilai-nilai dalam masyarakat. Nilai-nilai yang hidup dalam masyarakat diatur dalam Pasal 5 ayat (1) Undang-Undang No. 48 Tahun 2009, dan Pasal 5 ayat (3) butir b Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1951. Peraturan perundang-undangan harus memuat tiga nilai dasar, yaitu filosofis (sesuai Pancasila), sosiologis (sesuai nilai yang hidup dalam masyarakat), dan yuridis (disusun berdasarkan kaidah yang lebih tinggi). Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka zina dalam KUHP hanya memuat nilai yuridis, dan tidak memuat nilai filosofis dan sosiologis. Pengaturan zina dalam KUHP lebih sempit dari pengaturan zina dalam agama-agama yang dianut masyarakat Indonesia, pengaturan zina dalam KUHP hanya memuat nilai dasar yuridis, dan tidak memuat nilai dasar filosofis dan sosiologis. Maka dari itu, pengaturan zina dalam KUHP harus diperluas, dengan mencakup larangan terhadap zina sesama lajang.   Kata Kunci :  Zina, Pasal 284 ayat (1) KUHP, Nilai Dasa

MINAT SISWI TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN PENJAS MATERI SEPAK BOLA DI SMKN 2 PONTIANAK

AbstractThe background of this research was that students did not fully or fully participate in learning well. This study aims to determine the student's interest in learning physical education in soccer material at SMKN 2 Pontianak. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with this type of survey research, the sample used in this study was 20% or 40 female students from a total population of 199 students. The analysis used in this study was the validity test and the reliability test. The result of this study was that the validity test was carried out on 50 questions consisting of 7 indicators, there were 36 valid questions and 14 invalid questions with a value of rpbi (0.410> rtabel (0.32), followed by a reliability test to see whether the questionnaire was acceptable or not. If the research was conducted, it was obtained a value of 0.90, which means that the questionnaire was accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that the student's interest in learning physical education material at SMKN 2 Pontianak has a percentage of 53% which means good.Keywords: Football, Interest, Learnin

Gender Beyond Binary

Transgender individuals challenge the binary definition of gender accepted in Pakistani society and as a result, Pakistan’s transgender community is highly marginalized. Pakistani society regards transgender individuals as “abnormal,” because their physical appearance and behavior fail to conform with conventional expectations. Based on contextual research and interviews conducted with transgender individuals in Pakistan, my thesis explores the obstacles transgender individuals face in the course of everyday survival. My research responds to the physical realities of being transgender in Pakistani society and analyzes cultural norms associated with gender, which trigger harassment. By designing transformable apparel for these individuals, informed by primary and secondary research, my goal is to help them cope with the everyday struggles of being transgender in Pakistan

ANALISIS KLASIFIKASI SERANGAN DENIAL OF SERVICE (DOS) DENGAN METODE DECISION TREE MENGGUNAKAN WEKA (WAIKATO ENVIRONMENT FOR KNOWLADGE ANALYSIS)

Dengan adanya sistem komputer berbasis jaringan yang sekarang berperan penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat modern sekarang ini, telah menjadi sasaran kejahatan dalam dunia cyber yang dilakukan oleh penyusup atau hacker, dan jumlah serangan jaringan saat ini yang terus meningkat, maka dibutuhkan Intrusion Detection System (IDS) yang mampu memantau dan mendeteksi gangguan atau intrusi pada seluruh sistem. Agar sebuah Intrusion Detection System dapat mendeteksi jenis serangan baru, salah satu teknik yang bisa digunakan adalah dengan teknik data mining dalam IDS. Dan dalam mendeteksi suatu intrusi dibutuhkan salah satu metode dalam data mining yang mampu mengklasifikasikan sebuah serangan dengan baik yaitu decision tree. Dan dalam tugas akhir ini dilakukan klasifikasi terhadap dataset yang dibuat dari proses data log dengan menggunakan metode decision tree dan dataset KDD CUP 1999 sebagai data training. Dan hasil dari klasifikasi pada data test menunjukkan bahwa metode decision tree cukup akurat dalam mengklasifikasikan serangan terhadap data test yang dibuat dengan rata-rata hasil keseluruhan klasifikasi pada data test sebesar 91.2% untuk class yang diprediksi dengan tepat. Keyword : Intrusion Detection System, Data Mining, Decision Tree, WEK

Standardization of the bio-active compounds (rotenoids) from the extract of local plant species (derris elliptica) using the internal standard method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

It is well known now that some plant species represent an efficient factory of chemicals, which are manufactured and used as bio-weapons against pest attacks. Extensive work has been done during the last few decades on these potentially useful compounds. During the last few decades a growing interest has been paid for safe agricultural production i.e free residual toxicity hazards to human beings and to the environment. Plant extracts-based biocides possess a great advantage compared with the chemical ones. Their efficacies are also acceptable. Research carried out was to standardize and determine the bio-active compounds from the extract of local plant species (Derris elliptica) using the internal standard method of the isocratic High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis system. The raw plants were collected from Kota Johor Lama, Johor and sorted to collect the root and stem. Only the root and stem were utilized as a raw material of the extraction process. The root and stem were extracted by using the Normal Soaking Extraction (NSE) method at 28 0C to 30 0C with 95.0 % (v/v) of acetone as a solvent and the solvent-to-solid ratio of the extraction is (10.0 ml/g). The extraction was carried out for 24 hours and further cleaned up to remove fine debris of root and stem prior to determination of the rotenone and its derivatives content. The rotenone cube resin of SAPHYR S.A.R.L (France) was used to verify the appearances of the compounds in the extract. The employed method of analysis shows significant appearances of the bio-active compounds in the extract compared with the commercial grade of rotenone cube resin

A study into the effect of concentration process on the yield of rotenone from the extract of local plant species (Derris elliptica)

Bio-pesticides are becoming increasingly important as pest management tools in various cropping systems in the tropics essentially to remedy problems associated with the indiscriminate use of ‘hard’ inorganic pesticide and interest in organic agriculture. In the few decades, many bio-pesticidal products, both microbial-based (bacteria, fungi, microsprodia, entomopathogenic nematodes, viruses) and plant-based botanicals (rotenone and azadiracthin) had been studied for use against insect pests in the tropics. In this paper, the effect of the concentration process towards the yield of rotenone; mg and its concentration; mg/ml are studied extensively. The raw plants were collected from Kota Johor Lama, Johor and sorted to collect the root and stem. Only the root and stem were utilized as a raw material of the extraction process. The root and stem were extracted using the Normal Soaking Extraction (NSE) at 28 0C to 30 0C with 95 % (v/v) of acetone as a solvent and the solvent-to-solid ratio of 10 ml/g). The extraction was carried out for 24 hours. The liquid crude extract was concentrated further (the solvent removed under reduced pressure) using the rotary evaporator at 50 0C and 80 mbar of vacuum pressures. The fractions of the liquid crude extract were collected for each interval time (15 mins/1.0 ml/fraction). Each fractions were diluted 1/100 with acetone and further cleaned up prior to determination of rotenone content; mg and concentration; mg/ml by using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Significant effect of the concentration process against the yield of rotenone; mg was recorded and shows a significant thermal degradation or dissipation of rotenone content at higher operating temperature. The possibilities for better exploitation and identification of the effective operating parameters will be discussed

METOPROLOL-INDUCED LIVER INJURY AND THE HEPATOPROTECTIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN E IN RABBITS

Objective: This study aims to investigate the hepatotoxicity of metoprolol and find a prophylactic way to protect the liver through the use of Vitamin E. Methods: A total of 18 male rabbits were divided randomly into three groups, with six in each group. Group I (control) received corn oil, Group II was treated with metoprolol (20 mg/kg), and Group III was treated with Vitamin E (175 mg/kg) 30 min before metoprolol treatment. All treatments were given orally and daily for 14 days; animals were sacrificed at day 15. Biochemical parameters were estimated, and the liver was used for histopathological examinations. Results: Histopathological changes of liver injury were found in all metoprolol-treated rabbits, while these changes were minimized in all rabbits who were given Vitamin E. Serum liver function tests and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly elevated after metoprolol treatment and returned close to the control value on prior treatment with Vitamin E. Serum MDA, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were significantly decreased following treatment with Vitamin E. Conclusion: Vitamin E may have a hepatoprotective effect against metoprolol-induced liver injury in rabbits

Pendidikan Humanis dalam Perspektif Islam: Konsep dan Implementasinya dalam proses belajar mengajar

ABSTRAK Pendidikan merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari hidup dan kehidupan manusia, karena pendidikan sendiri adalah media dalam membina kepribadian dan mengembangkan potensi yang dimiliki manusia. Kualitas manusia sebagai makhluk multi dimensional sangat ditentukan oleh proses pendidikannya, proses yang baik dan benar akan berimplikasi secara signifikan terhadap kualitas outputnya. Sebab secara alami pendidikan merupakan kebutuhan yang paling mendasar dari manusia. Pendidikan harus diarahkan untuk menumbuhkan rasa kesadaran ketuhanan dan kemanusiaan, sehingga tercipta suatu tatanan hidup dan kehidupan yang manusiawi tanpa adanya penindasan antara manusia satu dengan lainnya. Pemahaman akan sifat-sifat, karakter dan potensi yang ada pada manusia merupakan salah satu upaya pendidikan dalam membentuk kepribadian manusia. Hal ini tentunya dilakukan melalui proses pengembangan seluruh potensi yang dimiliki oleh manusia, baik potensi jasmaniahnya maupun potensi ruhaninya. Landasan utama untuk mewujudkan pendidikan yang mampu menghasilkan manusia yang berkualitas, haruslah disandarkan pada nilai-nilai yang hakiki, yang bersumber dari Dzat yang Mahahakiki (nilai ketuhanan) dan nilai kemanusiaan (fitrah yang hanif). Berdasarkan hal tersebut, skripsi ini bertujuan mengupas landasan konsep tentang pendidikan humanis sebagai pendidikan yang berupaya memanusiakan manusia, secara umum maupun perspektif Islam dan implementasinya dalam proses belajar mengajar. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut di atas, ada beberpa pendekatan yang digunakan penulis, yaitu metode pembahasan yang meliputi metode deduktif, metode induktif, metode komparasi, dan deskriptif. sedangkan yang kedua menggunakan studi pustaka (library research), yaitu dengan menghimpun informasi dari bahan bacaan, buku-buku, majalah, seminar dan sumber lainnya yang relevan dengan pokok bahasan, setelah itu dipelajari dan diteliti secara cermat kemudian data-dat tersebut digeneralisasi serta dipilah-pilah berdasarkan kesesuaian dengan tema kajian, lalu data yang diperoleh dari hasil pemilahan tersebut, dianalisis secara mendalam dengan metode analisi Islam (content analysis) Berdasarkan hasil dari analisis penulis bahwa konsep pendidikan humanis merupakan konsep pendidikan yang berangkat dari adanya asumsi bahwa manusia pada dasarnya mempunyai potensi yang sama yang harus dikembangkan dan dibina secara intensif. Dalam pendidikan humanis, antara pendidik dan peserta didik bukan pada posisi subjek-objek, akan tetapi peserta didik diposisikan secara sama (egaliter), sebagai subjek yang dididik sekaligus subjek mendidik (learning together). Artinya, peserta didik bukanlah objek penderita yang harus dipaksa manut terhadap segala keinginan pendidik. Ini yang disebut pendidikan gaya bank yang ditentang dalam pendidikan humanis, pendidikan yang membelenggu kreativitas berpikir peserta didik. Pendidikan humanis secara langsung mengajak peserta didik untuk mencari solusi atas permasalahan yang dihadapi dengan bimbingan dari pendidik (problem possing education). Islam sebagai agama kasih sayang bagi semesta sejak awal telah melakukan revolusi terhadap bentuk-benmtuk dehumanisasi yang berupa hegemonik-eksploitatif terhadap mnausia lain yang dianggap lebih rendah secara materi. Dengan konsep tauhidnya, Islam mencoba memposisikan manusia sama di hadapan Tuhannya. Nilai-nilai ketuhanan (tauhid) merupakan landasan dalam berinteraksi antar sesama manusia tanpa mempersoalkan adanya perbedaan secara biologis dan materiil. Manusia dengan potensi fitrahnya yang hanif harus dibina melalui pendidikan yang baik dan benar, sehingga terbentuk pribadi-pribadi yang sadar akan eksistensi dirinya, sebagai makhluk biologis, psikis-spiritual, dan sosial. Kesadaran ini nantinya akan melahirkan sebuah sikap yang komitmen terhadap fitrahnya; selalu mencari kebenaran, adil, jujur, manusia santun penuh cinta dan kasih sayang. Jadi, tauhid (nilai ketuhanan) adalah landasan pendidikan humanis dalam Islam yang nantinya akan membentuk pribadi yang saleh secara individu maupun sosial sebagaimana tujuan Tuhan menciptakan manusia, sebagai ‘abd sekaligus khalifah di bumi. Implementasi dari konsep pendidikan humanis lebih menekankan kepada pendidik untuk bisa menciptakan suasana belajar yang jauh dari unsur penindasan, pemaksaan, hegemoni pemikiran, serta sikap-sikap yang jauh dari nilai-nilai ketauhidan dan kemanusiaan secara universal. Perlunya mengedepankan cinta dan kasih sayang dalam berinteraksi dengan peserta didiknya. Pendidik menjadikan peserta didik sebagai partner dalam belajar dengan mencoba memahami segala problem yang dihadapi peserta didiknya, tidak ada superioritas dalam proses belajar mengajar, sehingga tercipta suasana belajar yang kondusif, suatu pola interaksi komunikasi multi-arah (ways traffic communication)

A district level study on the deployment, allocation and utilisation of teachers between and within Malawi’s primary schools: an accountability and political settlement approach

A district level study on the deployment, allocation and utilisation of teachers between and within Malawi’s primary schools: an accountability and political settlement approach By Asma Zubairi Despite Malawian government policies being aimed at reforming the persistent unequal distribution of teachers, teachers continue to be concentrated in urban areas and in later standards of primary schools. Why these policies have failed remain underexplored in empirical research. The aim of this thesis is to identify what contributes to this persistent inequitable distribution of teachers between and within schools in Malawi. The thesis highlights the need to understand relationships of accountability related to teacher management and the effect of power and politics on these relationships. In doing so, this thesis contributes to an emerging field in international education that explores the influence of politics on service delivery. The study utilised the Levy-Walton framework which seeks an understanding of the impact of politics on service delivery. Additionally it focuses on the the multiple levels of governance within a sector such as education, starting at the top level where policies are made through to the bottom level of front-line service delivery. Guided by this framework, the thesis adopted an explanatory mixed methods design to explore the patterns relating to the deployment, allocation and utilisation of teachers. The focus of study was Zomba Rural district, one of the worst performing districts in Malawi with respect to unequal distribution of teachers between schools. Within this district, purposive sampling utilising a deviant approach was adopted in order to select two primary education zones and four primary schools. This enabled comparability across different cases of schools/ zones which were experiencing either a shortage or surplus of teachers. I collected administrative quantitative data from government sources for all primary schools in the country. These data were used to illustrate trends concerning the equitability of teacher distribution between schools. I also administered a school survey in the 26 primary schools falling under the two primary education zones selected for study. The purpose of this survey was to quantify how teachers were being allocated between different classes in each school, and the time each teacher utilised for teaching. Lastly, I collected qualitative data from semi-structured interviews conducted with central, district and zonal government officials, together with headteachers and teachers in the four schools I chose. The interview data were intended to gain different stakeholder perspectives on the main reasons for the persistence of the inequitable and inefficient teacher deployment, allocation and utilisation. Through analysis of the administrative data, I found that approximately half of Zomba Rural district’s teachers were deployed to schools for reasons other than enrolment. This appears to be partly related to political interference resulting in a skew in teachers towards certain constituencies. During the Presidency of Joyce Banda (2012-14), whose home area is within Zomba Rural district, I found that the total number of teachers working in the district rose significantly. In addition with respect to the distribution of teachers within schools, my analysis of the survey data revealed a clear preference by headteachers to allocate teachers to Standard 8 – the last and only standard of the primary school cycle where national examinations take place. Moreover the practice of “team-teaching” – where two or more teachers share teaching responsibilities for a class officially meant to be taught by one teacher – resulted in actual time spent by teachers teaching being well below that officially mandated. From the semi-structured interviews, I found evidence of interference from the national and local political elite in matters pertaining to teacher deployment and utilisation. Additionally, several factors contributing to the perceived lack of hierarchy between headteachers, local/ district government officials and teachers led to the poor enforcement of official government policy. Poor inspection and monitoring by government officials was also found to be a contributory factor in the weak implementation of policies relating to effective teacher management. Lastly, absent, poorly defined or contradictory policies led to greater discretionary decision-making powers at the district and local levels of government. The findings illustrate ways in which formal accountability relationships between teachers and education officials responsible for managing them were weakened through the informal relationships supplanting them. While previous studies relating to teacher management in Malawi have broadly quantified the inequity and inefficiency of teacher deployment, allocation and utilisation, this thesis makes an important contribution in redressing what has overwhelmingly been an apolitical approach to understanding this long-standing problem affecting Malawi’s education system. The combination of both quantitative and qualitative data allowed for a richer interrogation of the influence of politics and power in allowing the problem to persist. Additionally, through my engagement with multiple stakeholders from different levels of the education sector, the thesis brought together the distinct perspectives on how politics and power affected different actors in fulfilling their responsibilities