Automatic translation of assembly shellcodes to printable byte codes

The generation of printable shellcode is an important computer security research area. The original idea of the printable shellcode generation was to write a binary, executable code in a way that the generated byte code contains only bytes that are represented by the English letters, numbers and punctuation characters. In this way unfortunately only a limited number of CPU instructions can be used. In the originally published paper a small decoder is written with instructions represented by printable characters and the shellcode is decoded on the stack to be executed later. This paper, however describes a proof of concept project, which converts the source code of a full assembly program or shellcode to a new source code, whose compiled binary code contains only printable characters. The paper also presents new, printable character implementation of some CPU instructions

SAFETY OF THE ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY AND AMISULPRIDE COMBINATION

Background: Electroconvulsive therapy is frequently considered when pharmacotherapy is ineffective. In such cases the combination of the two treatment modalities are commonly used. Amisulpiride, a second generation antipsychotic drug is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychotic depression. When amisulpiride is ineffective as a monotherapy, combination with ECT could be an option to enhance its efficacy. To the best of our knowledge, to date there have been no data about the safety of this combination. Subjects and methods: Medical notes of all patients who were given ECT while on amisulpiride were selected from the archives of the Department of Psychiatry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, covering a 10-year period. A randomly selected matched control group was formed from patients who underwent ECT but were not taking amisulpiride. Patients in both groups also received a variety of psychotropic drugs other than amisulpide. Side effects were compared between the two groups of patients. Results: Twenty patients received amisulpride with ECT. The most common side effects were headache, hypertension, tachycardia, nausea, dizziness, confusion, psychomotor agitation, sialorrhea, and prolonged seizure activity. All adverse effects resolved within 24 hours. No side effects of any kind were observed in 7 and 8 cases in the study and control groups, respectively. Conclusions: This was the first study that examined the safety of amisulpride-ECT combination in schizophrenia. Comparing the side-effects between the study and control groups, no significant differences were detected in terms of their types or frequency. The amisulpiride-ECT combination appears to be a safe treatment option

Safety of the electroconvulsive therapy and amisulpride combination

BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy is frequently considered when pharmacotherapy is ineffective. In such cases the combination of the two treatment modalities are commonly used. Amisulpiride, a second generation antipsychotic drug is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychotic depression. When amisulpiride is ineffective as a monotherapy, combination with ECT could be an option to enhance its efficacy. To the best of our knowledge, to date there have been no data about the safety of this combination. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Medical notes of all patients who were given ECT while on amisulpiride were selected from the archives of the Department of Psychiatry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, covering a 10-year period. A randomly selected matched control group was formed from patients who underwent ECT but were not taking amisulpiride. Patients in both groups also received a variety of psychotropic drugs other than amisulpide. Side effects were compared between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: Twenty patients received amisulpride with ECT. The most common side effects were headache, hypertension, tachycardia, nausea, dizziness, confusion, psychomotor agitation, sialorrhea, and prolonged seizure activity. All adverse effects resolved within 24 hours. No side effects of any kind were observed in 7 and 8 cases in the study and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first study that examined the safety of amisulpride-ECT combination in schizophrenia. Comparing the side-effects between the study and control groups, no significant differences were detected in terms of their types or frequency. The amisulpiride-ECT combination appears to be a safe treatment option

Electroconvulsive therapy in a Hungarian academic centre (1999-2010).

BACKGROUND: Since the 1930s, the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at Semmelweis University (DPPSU) in Budapest has played a leading role in convulsive therapy in Hungary. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of ECT use at the DPPSU over an 11-year period. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Analysis of the medical notes of all patients treated with ECT in this academic centre between 1999 and 2009. RESULTS: During the study period, 28,230 patients were admitted to the DPPSU, of whom 457 (1.6%) received ECT. More than 50% of patients receiving ECT were diagnosed with schizophrenia. The percentage of female patients receiving ECT significantly exceeded that of the male patients, above what was expected in view of the diagnostic mix. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that in the first decade of the 21(th) century, ECT use shows a declining tendency in this Hungarian academic centre. The mean number of treatment sessions was relatively low and nearly the same across diagnostic groups. ECT was mainly used as a last resort for treatment-resistant patients. In the majority of cases, bifronto-temporal brief pulse stimulation was applied. Seizures were monitored with EEG and EMG

Az európai uniós gazdaságpolitikák hatékonyságának elemzése és mérése = Measurement and analyses of the efficiency of the EU economic policies

Az integráció több dimenziós mérése nélkül nem képzelhető releváns gazdaságpolitikák kimunkálása és hatékonyságuk érdemi elemzése. Olyan integrációs problémák fogalmazódtak meg, mint a magyar külkereskedelem túlzott regionális koncentrációja, az exportban a minőségi hozzáadott érték alacsony aránya, az intra-szektorális kereskedelem deficitje, a tőkeimporttal szemben a tőkeexport alacsonyszintje, a kkv szektor alacsony külgazdasági integrációja. Ezek az integrációs politika fő hívásai. A monetáris integráció kérdésében olyan témákat kutattunk, mint az optimális valutaövezetnek való megfelelés, a monetáris transzmisszió, Maastricht és a NSP kritikája, vagy az EKB politkája értékelése. A foglalkoztatás és a versenyképesség témában elemeztük a Lisszaboni Stratégia, a 2005-ös Növekedés és Foglalkoztatási Stratégia, valamint Európa 2020 program szerepét és hatékonyságát. A fenntartható fejlődés és stabilizáció kutatás keretében vizsgáltuk az EU27-ek, valamint az EU 10-ek makro-teljesítményét, valamint a válság tükrében jövőbeni fenntarthatóságát. A regionális politika esetében a 2007-13 között rendelkezésre álló 22,5 milliárd eurós összeg felhasználása Magyarország hosszú távú fejlődését határozza meg, így elengedhetetlenül fontos, hogy megbízható módszertanon alapuló kutatások mutassák ki a politika megvalósításának hasznosságát, hatékonyságát. | The real analysis of the efficiency and the forming of the relevant the economic policies cannot be made without the multidimensional measurement of the integration. Such problems of the integration were defined as the exaggerated regional concentration of the Hungarian external trade, the ratio of the quality of value added in the export, the deficit of the intra-sectoral trade, the low ratio of capital-export related to capital-import and the low level of integration in the external trade of the SMEs. These are the challenges of the integration policy. We carried out researches in the field of monetary integration as the correspondence to the optimal currency area, the critic of Maastricht and GSP, or the evaluation of the policy of the ECB. As part of the Employment Politics and Competitiveness research topic we analyzed the role and efficiency of the Lisbon Strategy, the Growth and Jobs Strategy of 2005 as well as the Europe 2020 Strategy. In the framework of the sustainable economic growth we examined the macro-performance of the EU-27 and EU-10, and its sustainability in the reflection of the crisis. The research of “Efficiency of cohesion policy” had crucial importance in the long-run development of Hungary, regarding the dispensable amount of money of the EU-funds (22,5 billion euro) in 2007-13 period. We focused on the building up and improvement of reliable methodologies to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the Structural Funds

Azonnali visszajelző rendszer bevezetése a kézhigiéné gyakorlatába intenzív osztályon = Implementation of immediate feedback system into hand hygiene practice in the intensive care unit

Absztrakt: Bevezetés: A hospitalizált, és különösen a kritikus állapotú páciensek körében 30–50%-ot is meghaladó incidenciával fordul elő nosocomialis infekció, jelentősen rontva a morbiditási és mortalitási adatokat. A megelőzésben a multimodális prevenciós stratégiák bizonyultak hatékonynak. Ezek alappillére a megfelelő kézhigiénés gyakorlat, mely a kézfertőtlenítés helyes technikáját és indikációját is magában foglalja. Célkitűzés: Munkánk célja az volt, hogy megvizsgáljuk intenzív osztályunk kézhigiénés gyakorlatát a kézfertőtlenítés technikájáról azonnali visszajelzést adó rendszer bevezetésével és a kézhigiénés compliance ellenőrzésével. Módszer: A Semmelweis Egyetem Aneszteziológiai és Intenzív Terápiás Klinikájának Központi Intenzív Osztályán 2018 novemberében és decemberében háromhetes megfigyeléses vizsgálatot végeztünk. Az ellátószemélyzet kézhigiénés technikájára és compliance-ére vonatkozó adatokat Semmelweis Scannerrel és direkt obszerváció során rögzítettük. A statisztikai elemzést Kruskal–Wallis-próbával, Fisher-féle egzakt teszttel és χ2-teszttel végeztük. Eredmények: Az elektronikus visszajelző rendszerrel 604 mérést rögzítettünk. A megfelelő kézfertőtlenítések aránya 86,5%, a kézterületek lefedettségének medián értéke pedig 99,87% volt. A kézfertőtlenítés technikájában konstansan magas trendet figyeltünk meg. A gyógytornászok csoportjára alacsonyabb hibaarány volt jellemző a többi csoporttal szemben (orvosok: p<0,01, ápolók: p = 0,03, segédápolók: p = 0,03). A direkt obszerváció során 162 megfigyelést végeztünk. Az átlagos compliance 60,49% volt, a legalacsonyabbnak az orvosok csoportjában (53,97%) adódott, mely nem különbözött szignifikánsan az ápolók compliance-étől (62,92%, p = 0,26). Következtetés: A kézfertőtlenítés technikája a vizsgálat ideje alatt végig minden csoportban kiemelkedőnek és megfelelőnek bizonyult, a kézhigiénés compliance azonban az elvártnál alacsonyabb volt. Az azonnali visszajelzésnek a kézhigiéné megfelelő minőségének elérésében és fenntartásában lehet szerepe, míg a helyes időzítés más stratégiát is szükségessé tesz. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(49): 1957–1962. | Abstract: Introduction: Infections affect about 30–50% of intensive care unit patients resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Multimodal interventions proved to be successful in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. Appropriate hand hygiene including correct disinfection technique and timing is essential. Aim: The aim of our study was to investigate the hand hygiene practice among the intensive care unit healthcare workers by immediate feedback system implementation and compliance study. Method: A 3-week-long observational study was conducted at the Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, during November and December, 2018. Data regarding hand hygiene technique were collected by using the Semmelweis Scanner technology, while compliance data were recorded by direct observations. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal–Wallis test, Fisher’s exact test and χ2-test. Results: 604 measurements were recorded by the electronic system. Hand disinfection was appropriate in 86.5% of cases. The median value of coverage was 99.87%. The trend of these indices showed persistently high values. A lower error rate was observed in the physiotherapy group compared to others (doctors: p<0.01, nurses: p = 0.03, assistant nurses: p = 0.03). 162 opportunities were recorded during direct observations. The mean compliance rate was 60.49%, with the lowest among doctors (53.97%). The difference was non-significant compared to nurses (62.92%, p = 0.26). Conclusions: Hand hygiene technique during the study period was found to be highly and permanently appropriate, while compliance was lower than expected. The immediate feedback system may be useful in achieving appropriate hand disinfection technique, although further interventions are needed for higher compliance rates. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(49): 1957–1962