Térbe zárt kert = Enclosed garden

The archetype of the enclosed garden is the medieval hortus conclusus, which make the perfect type from the former types. The enclosed gardens of nowadays have developed from the hortus conclusus, which behave like a prism. Peter Zumthor's Serpentine Gallery Pavilion is the best example for the contemporary hortus conclusus. The purpose of our study to make a typological collection about contemporary enclosed gardens. The base of the typology is the borderline of the garden, the wall of the garden. We based the study of borderline to Dom Hans van der Laan's architectural theory and his monastery building in Vaals. We analyze the typology by six contemporary enclosed gardens from the simple wall to the building volume through the volumes of the wall. The openings of the walls can be the next way of our analysis.A bezárt kertek kiérlelt archetípusa a hortus conclusus, a középkori kolostorudvarok kertjei. A hortus conclusus, mint egy prizma összegyűjti az összes megelőző bezárt kert változatot, tökéletes típust hoz létre, majd belőle fejlődnek tovább napjaink bezárt kertjeinek végtelen variációi. A hortus conclusus kortárs beteljesülése Peter Zumthor Serpentine Gallery pavilonja. A kutatásunk célja a kortárs kertek tipológiai gyűjteményének elkészítése, melynek alapja a kert határa, a kertet határoló fal vizsgálata. A kert határát Dom Hans van der Laan építészetelmélete és vaalsi kolostorbővítése alapján közelítettük meg. A tipológiát hat kortárs bezárt kert elemzésével mutatjuk be, az egyszerű tömör falas bekerített tértől, a fal teresedései által tömeggé vált határon át, amíg a fal teljesen eltűnik és az udvart meghatározó épülettömeg jelenti a határt. A tipológia továbbvitele, amikor a falak alaprajzi és a falban lévő nyílások szerinti megnyitását vizsgáljuk

The importance of ST elevation in V2–4 ECG leads in athletes

Background Early repolarization in the anterior ECG leads (ERV2–4) is considered to be a sign of right ventricular (RV) remodeling, but its etiology and importance are unclear. Methods A total of 243 top-level endurance-trained athletes (ETA; 183 men and 60 women, weekly training hours: 15–20) and 120 leisure-time athletes (LTA; 71 men and 49 women, weekly training hours: 5–6) were investigated. The ERV2–4 sign was evaluated concerning type of sport, gender, transthoracic echocardiographic parameters, and ECG changes, which can indicate elevated RV systolic pressure [left atrium enlargement (LAE), right atrium enlargement (RAE), RV conduction defect (RVcd)]. Results Stroke volume and left ventricular mass were higher in ETAs vs. LTAs in both genders (p < 0.01). Prevalence of the ERV2–4 sign was significantly higher in men than in women [p = 0.000, odds ratio (OR) = 36.4] and in ETAs than in LTAs (p = 0.000). The highest ERV2–4 prevalence appeared in the most highly trained triathlonists and canoe and kayak paddlers (OR = 13.8 and 5.2, respectively). Within the ETA group, the post-exercise LAE, RAE, and RVcd changes developed more frequently in cases with than without ERV2–4 (LAE: men: p < 0.05, females: p < 0.005; RAE: men: p < 0.05, females: p < 0.005; RVcd: N.S.). These post-exercise appearing LAE, RAE, and RVcd are associated with the ERV2–4 sign (OR = 4.0, 3.7, and 3.8, respectively). Conclusions According to these results, ERV2–4 develops mainly in male ETAs due to long-lasting and repeated endurance training. The ERV2–4 sign indicates RV’s adaptation to maintain higher compensatory pulmonary pressure and flow during exercise but its danger regarding malignant arrhythmias is unclear

Identification of key effects causing weak performance of allergen analysis in processed food matrices

The weaker performance of generally used analytical methods for allergen analysis in processed foods can be connected to protein denaturation. To understand the nature of protein denaturation processes, experimental but realistic model matrices (corn starch based mixture, hydrated dough, and heat treated cookies) were developed that contain a defined amount of milk, egg, soy, and wheat proteins individually or in combination. The protein subunit composition was investigated in every processing phase, i.e. after mixing, dough formation, and baking. SDS-PAGE measurements were carried out to monitor the protein distribution of sample food matrices in non-reducing and reducing gels. The results clearly show that the highly decreased protein solubility is caused by denaturation, aggregation, or complex formation, which are the most significant factors in poorer analytical performances. Solubility can only partly be improved with the application of reducing agents or surfactants, and the rate of improvement is depending on the proteins and the matrices

Measurement of the 91 Zr(p, γ ) 92 m Nb cross section motivated by type Ia supernova nucleosynthesis

Abstract: The synthesis of heavy, proton rich isotopes is a poorly understood astrophysical process. Thermonuclear (type Ia) supernova explosions are among the suggested sites and the abundance of some isotopes present in the early Solar System may be used to test the models. 92Nb is such an isotope and one of the reactions playing a role in its synthesis is 91Zr(p,γ)92Nb. As no experimental cross sections were available for this reaction so far, nucleosynthesis models had to solely rely on theoretical calculations. In the present work the cross section of 91Zr(p,γ)92m Nb has been measured at astrophysical energies by activation. The results excellently confirm the predictions of cross sections and reaction rates for 91Zr(p,γ)92Nb, as used in astrophysical simulations.Peer reviewe

Measurement of (α,n) reaction cross sections of erbium isotopes for testing astrophysical rate predictions

Date of Acceptance: 30/01/2015The γ-process in core-collapse and/or type Ia supernova explosions is thought to explain the origin of the majority of the so-called p nuclei (the 35 proton-rich isotopes between Se and Hg). Reaction rates for γ-process reaction network studies have to be predicted using Hauser-Feshbach statistical model calculations. Recent investigations have shown problems in the prediction of α-widths at astrophysical energies which are an essential input for the statistical model. It has an impact on the reliability of abundance predictions in the upper mass range of the p nuclei. With the measurement of the 164,166Er(α,n)167,169Yb reaction cross sections at energies close to the astrophysically relevant energy range we tested the recently suggested low energy modification of the α+nucleus optical potential in a mass region where γ-process calculations exhibit an underproduction of the p nuclei. Using the same optical potential for the α-width which was derived from combined 162Er(α,n) and 162Er(α,γ) measurement makes it plausible that a low-energy modification of the optical α+nucleus potential is needed.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Investigation of α -induced reactions on Sb isotopes relevant to the astrophysical γ process

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of the following article: Z. Korkulu, et al, ‘Investigation of α-induced reactions on Sb isotopes relevant to the astrophysical γ process’, Physical Review C, Vol. 97(4): 045803, April 2018, available online at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.045803 © 2018 American Physical Society.Background: The reaction rates used in γ-process nucleosynthesis network calculations are mostly derived from theoretical, statistical model cross sections. Experimental data is scarce for charged particle reactions at astrophysical, low energies. Where experimental (α,γ) data exists, it is often strongly overestimated by Hauser-Feshbach statistical model calculations. Further experimental α-capture cross sections in the intermediate and heavy mass region are necessary to test theoretical models and to gain understanding of heavy element nucleosynthesis in the astrophysical γ process. Purpose: The aim of the present work is to measure the Sb121(α,γ)I125, Sb121(α,n)I124, and Sb123(α,n)I126 reaction cross sections. These measurements are important tests of astrophysical reaction rate predictions and extend the experimental database required for an improved understanding of p-isotope production. Method: The α-induced reactions on natural and enriched antimony targets were investigated using the activation technique. The (α,γ) cross sections of Sb121 were measured and are reported for the first time. To determine the cross section of the Sb121(α,γ)I125, Sb121(α,n)I124, and Sb123(α,n)I126 reactions, the yields of γ rays following the β decay of the reaction products were measured. For the measurement of the lowest cross sections, the characteristic x rays were counted with a low-energy photon spectrometer detector. Results: The cross section of the Sb121(α,γ)I125, Sb121(α,n)I124, and Sb123(α,n)I126 reactions were measured with high precision in an energy range between 9.74 and 15.48 MeV, close to the astrophysically relevant energy window. The results are compared with the predictions of statistical model calculations. The (α,n) data show that the α widths are predicted well for these reactions. The (α,γ) results are overestimated by the calculations but this is because of the applied neutron and γ widths. Conclusions: Relevant for the astrophysical reaction rate is the α width used in the calculations. While for other reactions the α widths seem to have been overestimated and their energy dependence was not described well in the measured energy range, this is not the case for the reactions studied here. The result is consistent with the proposal that additional reaction channels, such as Coulomb excitation, may have led to the discrepancies found in other reactions.Peer reviewe

Applicability of ELISA methods for high gluten-containing samples

Quantitation of gluten in gluten-free products is a great challenge as it is hindered by several factors including the lack of certified reference materials. To resolve this problem, our research group, in cooperation with other international experts, started a series of experiments with the goal of the production of a suitable gluten reference material. As a part of this research, several different wheat cultivars and their isolated gluten proteins were characterized by different methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, we need to know the performance of the ELISA methods used for this special area of research. During the present work we investigated the accuracy and precision of two different ELISA methods for our own laboratory conditions and special sample matrices (wheat flours and gliadin isolate). We have found that the tested performance characteristics of the methods seem to be appropriate on a case-by-case basis, but the long-term measurement uncertainty is higher, which makes it difficult to evaluate the results obtained with the ELISA method for these types of samples