A Europe-wide inventory of citizen-led energy action with data from 29 countries and over 10000 initiatives

Numerous case studies show that citizens engage in various ways in renewable and low carbon energy projects, thereby contributing to the sustainable energy transition. To date, however, a systematic and cross-country database on citizen-led initiatives and projects is lacking. By performing a major compilation and reviewing copious data sources from websites to official registries, we provide a Europe-wide inventory with over 10,000 initiatives and 16,000 production units in 29 countries, focusing on the past 20 years. Our data allow cross-country statistical analysis, supporting the elicitation of empirical insights capable of extending beyond the perspective of single case studies. Our data also align with ongoing efforts to implement two EU Directives that aim at strengthening the active role of citizens in the energy transition. While the focus of our data collection is on Europe, the data and methodology can contribute to the global analysis of citizen-led energy action

A Survey of Bayesian Statistical Approaches for Big Data

The modern era is characterised as an era of information or Big Data. This has motivated a huge literature on new methods for extracting information and insights from these data. A natural question is how these approaches differ from those that were available prior to the advent of Big Data. We present a review of published studies that present Bayesian statistical approaches specifically for Big Data and discuss the reported and perceived benefits of these approaches. We conclude by addressing the question of whether focusing only on improving computational algorithms and infrastructure will be enough to face the challenges of Big Data

The brisk-standing-test for long QT syndrome in prepubertal school children: defining normal

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is associated with malignant arrhythmias and sudden death from birth to advanced age. Prolongation of the QT-interval, may however be concealed on standard electrocardiograms (ECG). The brisk-standing-test (BST) was developed to guide LQTS-diagnosis and treatment in adults. We hypothesized that the BST may be used in prepubertal children to identify LQTS subjects. Accordingly, reference values for the BST should be available to prevent incorrect diagnosis and treatment of LQTS. In this study, we aim to present reference values for prepubertal children. Healthy, prepubertal children, aged 7-13 years underwent a standard supine resting ECG and during continuous ECG recording performed a BST. The QT-interval and heart rate corrected QTc were measured during the different BST stages. Fifty-seven children, 29 boys (10.2 ± 1.1 years) and 28 girls (9.9 ± 1.1 years) were included. Baseline characteristics and response to standing were not statistically different for boys and girls: mean supine pre-standing heart rate 74 ± 9 vs. 77 ± 9 bpm, supine pre-standing QTc 406 ± 27 vs. 407 ± 17 ms, maximal heart rate upon standing 109 ± 11 vs. 112 ± 11 bpm, and QTc at maximal heart rate 484 ± 29 vs. 487 ± 35 ms. The QT interval corrected for heart rate-prolongation at maximal tachycardia after standing was 79 ± 26 (19-144) ms, which is significantly longer than previously published values in adults (50± 30 ms). The QT interval corrected for heart rate prolongation after brisk standing in healthy prepubertal children is more pronounced than in healthy adults. This finding advocates distinct prepubertal cut-off values because using adult values for prepubertal children would yield false positive results with the risk of incorrect LQTS-diagnosis and overtreatmen