1-(2-Eth­oxy-2-methyl-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethanone

The Csp 3 atom of the chromenyl fused-ring system in the title compound, C14H16O3, deviates by 0.407 (2) Å from the plane of the other atoms (r.m.s. deviation = 0.041 Å). The eth­oxy substituent occupies a pseudo-axial position

Re-imagining social care services in co-production with disabled parents

Researchers from the Tilda Goldberg Centre for Social Work and Social Care at the University of Bedfordshire engaged with disabled parents involved with Ginger Giraffe (a cooperative that brings together disabled people and those experiencing multiple disadvantage together with health and social care students on placement) to define the priorities for the research (‘what do we want to explore?’).  The central aims of the research were to: explore these six disabled parents’ experiences of statutory assessments in children’s social care services and subsequent service provision, including examination of: the assessment pathway (how they accessed support) ; the assessment itself (thresholds and eligibility criteria) ; the principles guiding the assessment, and how these were experienced by disabled parents ; draw on disabled parents’, child and family social workers’ and researchers’ knowledge and expertise to re-imagine how children’s and adult social care might deliver holistic services which value the needs, assets and rights of the whole family

Regulation of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in glia

AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate majority of excitatory synaptic transmission, and are involved in fast neuronal glial signaling in the central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are tetrameric assemblies that function as homomeric or heteromeric combinations of four AMPAR subunits (GluA1-4). Many key AMPAR properties are determined by the GluA2 subunit, the absence of which renders the AMPAR calcium permeable. Calcium permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) are relatively widespread in the CNS being present in certain neurons and many glia. The calcium permeability of neuronal AMPARs is known to be relatively plastic, changing during development and following high frequency synaptic activity. It is clear that calcium permeable AMPARs play an important role in normal functions of Bergmann glia and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, however factors that regulate the CP-AMPAR in glial cells are still poorly understood. Little is known about the transmembrane auxiliary AMPA subunit (TARPs) present in glial cells. In Chapter 3 of this thesis, I consider the role of transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) in controlling AMPAR channel properties and trafficking. In particular, these experiments identify γ-5 as a novel TARP that occurs mainly in glial cells, and is present at high levels in Bergmann glia. Functionally, this TARP appears selective for long form AMPAR subunits (predominantly calcium permeable). My experiments also demonstrate that γ-5 co-localizes with a late endosome protein. Uniquely, γ-5 appears selective for the trafficking of GluA2, and is dependent on the protein SAP97 for trafficking and/or localisation. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are responsible for the formation of myelinating cells in the CNS, form a large proportion of the glial cells present in developing brain. OPCs are vulnerable to cell death in conditions such as periventricular white matter damage (hypoxic-ischemic white matter injury) in newborns. In Chapter 4, I have investigated factors that regulate calcium permeable AMPARs in OPCs, including mGluRs and purinergic receptors. Surprisingly I find that these receptors regulate calcium permeable AMPARs. This chapter identifies key mechanisms underlying this switch in AMPAR subtype, including the TARP γ-2 (Stargazin) that is involved in mGluR-induced ‘plasticity’ of AMPARs in OPCs. The experiments described in the final chapter, investigates the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein cornichon-3 (CNIH3). In this thesis I identified that the AMPAR regulatory protein cornichon-3 (CNIH3) is expressed at the cell surface in OPCs and that when over-expressed can influence their AMPAR channel properties

(E)-3-Hy­droxy-5,5-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl­prop-2-en-1-yl)cyclo­hex-2-en-1-one

Five of the atoms of the six-membered cyclo­hexene ring of the title compound, C17H20O2, are essentially coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.006 Å), with the sixth (the dimethyl­methyl C atom) deviating from the mean plane of the five atoms by 0.610 (2) Å. This plane is nearly perpendicular to the cinnamyl portion, the two planes being aligned at 85.1 (1)°. Two mol­ecules are linked by an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond about a center of inversion. The cyclo­hexene ring is disordered over two directly overlapping positions. As a result, the hy­droxy group and the keto O atom cannot be distinguished from one another

(E)-2-Bromo­benzaldehyde oxime

The configuration of the C=N double bond of the title compound, C7H6BrNO, is E; the non-H atoms are approximately coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.038 Å). In the crystal, pairs of mol­ecules are linked by a pair of O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds about a center of inversion, generating hydrogen-bonded dimers

Bond Strength of White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate with and without Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate with Different Liquid-to-Powder Ratios

Introduction: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) can be used in the treatment of irritated vital pulp and repair of root perforations. However, the initial reaction of inflammatory cells to this material and also its setting time are not ideal. Studies have shown that disodium hydrogen phosphate (DHP), decreases the setting time of MTA, with no effect on its pH. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of DHP on push-out bond strength of MTA at different liquid-to-powder ratios. Methods and Materials: A total of 120 samples were prepared from the middle third of the roots of single-rooted teeth for evaluation of push-out bond strength. The push-out bond strength was measured in both groups after 72 h at different liquid-to-powder ratios, including 0.33:1, 0.5:1 and 0.6:1. Factorial ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc tests were used to compare the differences between the independent groups. Statistical significant was set at P<0.05. Results: The push-out bond strengths of pure MTA and MTA+DHP groups were 10.96±5.78 and 13.32±5.03, respectively. Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test revealed significant differences between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no interactive effect between material and the liquid: powder ratio. Conclusion: Incorporation of DHP into MTA resulted in an increase in push-out bond strength of MTA, and an increase in liquid-to-powder ratio resulted in a decrease in push-out bond strength.Keywords: Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; Push-Out Test; Root Canal Filling Materials; Root Canal Therapy

4-(5-Bromo-2-hydroxy­phen­yl)but-3-ene-2-one

The molecule of the title compound, C10H9BrO2, a doubly conjugated unsaturated ketone, is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation of the non-H atoms = 0.039 Å). In the crystal structure, two mol­ecules are linked across a centre of inversion to form a hydrogen-bonded dimer by way of two O—H⋯O links

(5E)-Dimethyl 2-bromo­methyl-5-cyclo­hexyl­imino-2-phenyl-2,5-dihydro­furan-3,4-dicarboxyl­ate

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C21H24BrNO5, has a planar furan ring [maximum deviation = 0.025 (3) Å]. The carboxy­methyl group in the 3-position is nearly coplanar with this ring [dihedral angle = 7.9 (1)°], whereas that in the 4-position is nearly perpendicular to it [dihedral angle = 78.9 (1) Å]

Accuracy of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Determining the Root Canal Morphology of Mandibular First Molars

Introduction: The aim of the present in vitro study was to compare the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in determining root canal morphology of mandibular first molars in comparison with staining and clearing technique. Methods and Materials: CBCT images were taken from 96 extracted human mandibular first molars and the teeth were then evaluated based on Vertucci’s classification to determine the root canal morphology. Afterwards, access cavities were prepared and India ink was injected into the canals with an insulin syringe. The teeth were demineralized with 5% nitric acid. Finally, the cleared teeth were evaluated under a magnifying glass at 5× magnification to determine the root canal morphology. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. The Fisher’s exact test assessed the differences between the mesial and distal canals and the Cohen’s kappa test was used to assess the level of agreement between the methods. Statistical significance was defined at 0.05. Results: The Kappa coefficient for agreement between the two methods evaluating canal types was 0.346 (95% CI: 0.247-0.445), which is considered a fair level of agreement based on classification of Koch and Landis. The agreement between CBCT and Vertucci’s classification was 52.6% (95% CI: 45.54-59.66%), with a significantly higher agreement rate in the mesial canals (28.1%) compared to the distal canals (77.1%) (P<0.001). Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, clearing technique was more accurate than CBCT in providing accurate picture of the root canal anatomy of mandibular first molars.Keywords: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Root Canal Morphology; Root Clearin