Overview of biologically digested leachate treatment using adsorption

Biological process is effective in treating most biodegradable organic matter present in leachate; however, a significant amount of ammonia, metals and refractory organic compounds may still remain in this biologically digested leachate. This effluent cannot be released to receiving bodies until the discharge limit is met. Several physical/chemical processes have been practiced as post-treatment to remove the remaining pollutants including coagulation–flocculation, oxidation and adsorption. Adsorption is often applied in leachate treatment as it enhances removal of refractory organic compounds. This chapter will focus on works related to adsorption as one of the commonly used methods to treat biologically digested leachate further down to acceptable discharge limit

Overview of biologically digested leachate treatment using adsorption

Biological process is effective in treating most biodegradable organic matter present in leachate; however, a significant amount of ammonia, metals and refractory organic compounds may still remain in this biologically digested leachate. This effluent cannot be released to receiving bodies until the discharge limit is met. Several physical/chemical processes have been practiced as post-treatment to remove the remaining pollutants including coagulation–flocculation, oxidation and adsorption. Adsorption is often applied in leachate treatment as it enhances removal of refractory organic compounds. This chapter will focus on works related to adsorption as one of the commonly used methods to treat biologically digested leachate further down to acceptable discharge limit

Cytotoxicity of different extracts of arial parts of Ziziphus spina-christi on Hela and MDA-MB-468 tumor cells

Background: It has been shown that plants from the family Rhamnaceae possess anticancer activity. In this study, we sought to determine if Ziziphus spina-christi, a species from this family, has cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Using maceration method, different extracts of leaves of Z. spina-christi were prepared. Hexane, chloroform, chloroform-methanol (9:1), methanol-water (7:1) methanol, butanol and water were used for extraction, after preliminary phytochemical analyses were done. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts against Hela and MDA-MB-468 tumor cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Briefly, cells were seeded in microplates and different concentrations of extracts were added. After incubation of cells for 72 h, their viability was evaluated by addition of tetrazolium salt solution. After 3 h medium was aspirated, dimethyl sulfoxide was added and absorbance was determined at 540 nm with an ELISA plate reader. Extracts were considered cytotoxic when more than 50% reduction on cell survival was observed. Results: Hexane, chloroform, chloroform-methanol, butanol, methanol-water and aqueous extracts of Z. spina-christi significantly and concentration-dependently reduced viability of Hela and MAD-MB-468 cells. In the both cell lines, chloroform-methanol extract of Z. spina-christi was more potent than the other extracts. Results: From the finding of this study it can be concluded that Z. spina-christi is a good candidate for further study for new cytotoxic agents

Designing Polymerase Chain Reaction for Molecular Diagnostics of the Primary Bacterial Cause of Periodontitis

Background & Objective: Periodontal disease, which can become a chronic condition, is an inflammatory disease that upsets the soft and hard structures supporting the teeth. The aim of the present study was to design and develop an in-house PCR Method, to detect putative periodontitis-related bacterial pathogens. Materials & Methods: The PCR method was launched using specific primers of the five bacteria including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. Then, the sensitivity and specificity tests were performed for each bacterium after cloning.  Results: Basic specific Primer: hbp Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans، fimA Porphyromonas gingivalis، gene 16s rRNA Prevotella intermedia 16s rRNA Tannerella forsythensis gene and 16s rRNA Treponema denticola 161 bp، 162 bp, 282 bp, 280 bp,173 bp and the sensitivity and specificity tests were performed for this gene. Conclusion: In order to evaluate and diagnose periodontal diseases using PCR technique, these factors can be identified with high specificity and sensitivity

Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Euphorbia turcomanica on Hela and HT-29 Tumor Cell Lines

Background: Cancer is a term for a large group of different diseases, all involving uncontrolled cell growth. Many of Euphorbiaceae plants have been traditionally used for the treatment of ulcers, tumors, warts, and other diseases. In addition, in the last decade, there are studies showing cytotoxic effects of different species of Euphorbia on tumor cell lines. In this study, we attempted to determine if Euphorbia turcomanica possess any cytotoxic activity. Materials and Methods: Solvents extracted the plant powder with various polarities by a maceration method, and qualitative phytochemical analyzes were carried out on them to identify the constituents. On the other hand, the possible cytotoxicity of different extracts on Hela and HT-29 tumor cells was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and 50% reduction in cell survival was considered as a cytotoxic effect. Analyze of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to see the differences among the groups. Results: Phytochemical analysis of E. turcomanica showed the presence of flavonoid, alkaloid, anthraquinone and tannin in plant aerial parts. Methanol-water, acetone, dichloromethane, methanol, and heptane extracts of E. turcomanica significantly reduced viability of Hela cells (P < 0.05) with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of 50, 90, 230, 420, and 450 μg/ml, respectively. While methanol-water, dichloromethane, methanol, ethyl acetate, and heptane extracts were cytotoxic with IC50of 43, 115, 125, 250, and 390 μg/ml, respectively (P < 0.05), on HT-29 cells. Conclusion: It can be concluded that E. turcomanica is a good candidate for further study toward cytotoxic agents

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effect of Different Extracts of Seidlitzia rosmarinus on HeLa and HepG2 Cell Lines

Background: Seidlitzia rosmarinus which is commonly called “Oshnan” or “Eshnan” in Persian belongs to Chenopodiaceae family. Conventionally, it is believed that this plant is toxic. This study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of S. rosmarinus against HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. Materials and Methods: S. rosmarinus was collected from the desert near Yazd, Iran. Hexane, chloroform, chloroform/methanol (9:1), and butanol extracts of aerial parts of S. rosmarinus were prepared. Doxorubicin and dimethyl sulfoxide 10% were used as positive and negative control, respectively. The cytotoxic activity was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: All extracts significantly and concentration dependently reduced viability of HeLa and HepG2 cells. Hexane, chloroform, and butanol extracts at doses of 200, 500, 750, and 1000 μg/ml significantly reduced HeLa cell viability (P < 0.05). Chloroform/methanol extract at doses of 100–500 μg/ml significantly reduced HeLa cell viability (P < 0.05). Hexane, chloroform, and butanol extracts at doses of 500, 750, and 1000 μg/ml significantly reduced HepG2 cell viability (P < 0.05). Chloroform/methanol extract at doses of 200, 300, 400, and 500 μg/ml significantly reduced HepG cell viability (P < 0.05). The most cytotoxic extract was chloroform/methanol extract in both cell lines. Furthermore, in the both cell lines, the second potent extract was chloroform extract. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the findings of this study that S. rosmarinus is a good candidate for further study to find new cytotoxic agents. Phytochemical investigation on chloroform/methanol extract and their structures is recommended

Neural network-based sensorless direct power control of permanent magnet synchronous motor

In this paper, a sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive was presented based on direct power control (DPC) technique. To estimate the rotor\u27s position and speed of PMSM, a drastic sensorless strategy was developed according to artificial neural network (ANN) to reduce the cost of the drive and enhance the reliability. The proposed sensorless scheme was an innovative model reference adaptive system (MRAS) speed observer for DPC control PMSM drives. The suggested MRAS speed observer employed the current model as an adaptive model. The ANN was then designed and trained online by employing a back propagation network (BPN) algorithm. Performance of the proposed strategy was adopted using simulation analysis. The results showed the fast dynamic response, low ripples in motor\u27s currents, power, and electromagnetic torque, as well as good performance in tracking speed and power references

Neural network-based sensorless direct power control of permanent magnet synchronous motor

In this paper, a sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive was presented based on direct power control (DPC) technique. To estimate the rotor\u27s position and speed of PMSM, a drastic sensorless strategy was developed according to artificial neural network (ANN) to reduce the cost of the drive and enhance the reliability. The proposed sensorless scheme was an innovative model reference adaptive system (MRAS) speed observer for DPC control PMSM drives. The suggested MRAS speed observer employed the current model as an adaptive model. The ANN was then designed and trained online by employing a back propagation network (BPN) algorithm. Performance of the proposed strategy was adopted using simulation analysis. The results showed the fast dynamic response, low ripples in motor\u27s currents, power, and electromagnetic torque, as well as good performance in tracking speed and power references

Road Pricing Effect on the Emission of Traffic Pollutants, a Case Study in Tehran

Road pricing is one of the main purposes of traffic management policies in order to reduce personal car use. Understanding the behaviour of drivers under the impact of the road pricing policy, can assist transportation planners in making better and more efficient decisions. This research aims at investigating the reactions of private car users to road pricing using stated preference (SP) method on the one hand, and on the other hand, studies the road pricing effect on traffic flow and pollutants. To this aim, the acceptance rate of pricing, which is obtained from modeling of survey data, as well as real traffic flow data in Shahid Hemmat Highway in Tehran, Iran, are applied as the simulation software input. Based on the results of this research, at the lowest price (TN11000), the contribution of toll acceptance is equal to 64/91 percent. The fuel consumption rate at this price decreases to 49/91% and the emission rate of CO2, NOx, particle material (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollutants decrease to 56.82%, 49.46%, 36.8% and 63.17%, respectively. At the highest price (TN10000), toll acceptability, fuel consumption, CO2, NOx, PM and VOC emission rates decrease to 5.47%, 3.57%, 3.98%, 2.85%, 1.22% and 4.86%, respectively

Bacterial contamination of salads and vegetables offered in restaurants and fast food in Birjand city in 2015

Background and Aim: Given the ever-increasing population in the world, people's need for fruits and vegetables is increasing day by day. Fruit and vegetable are an important part of human diet. So, this study was conducted to determine the level of microbial contamination in the salads and vegetables supplied in restaurants and fast food in Birjand. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, after identifing restaurants and fast food that were the supplier of salads and vegetables in Birjand, 2015, was removed 100 samples under sterile conditions randomly from all restaurants and fast food. The samples were transferred to the laboratory in good condition. The microbial contamination was compared with the current standard according to standard laboratory procedures of Standard and Industrial Research of Iran. Results: Results showed that maximum pollution vegetables and salads were in yeast (28%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13%) and Eshershia.Coli (9% and Enterococcus infection and parasite eggs were not found in the samples. Samples were taken, 69% in accordance with the standard and 31% were not in accordance with the standard. Conclusion: According to the results, about 31% of the samples were contaminated. Shows that washing the vegetables are done, but probably do not be disinfected. Therefore, education in the field of disinfection of vegetables and salad ingredients and continuous sampling of salads and vegetables seems necessary