راهبردهای اساسی و روشهای کارآمد در برنامه های آموزش و پرورش

راهبردهای اساسی و روشهای کارآمد در برنامه های آموزش و پرور

Evaluation of Genetic Pattern of Gentamicin-resistant Enterococci Isolated from Clinical Samples

Background and aims. Enterococci are among resistant microorganisms to antibiotics and are responsible for some of acute gingival infections. This study aimed at molecular evaluation of gentamicin-resistant enterococcus species and determining the resistance genes. Materials and methods. Clinical samples were cultured on BHI medium and enterococci were isolated by specific methods and antibiograms were prepared. DNA was derived from gentamicin-resistant species by alkaline lysis method and replicated by PCR method. Four gentamicin-resistant genes were evaluated by electrophoresis method on agarose gel. Results. From 105 Enterococcus faecalis isolates, 36.2% and from 38 Enterococcus faecium isolates, 78.2% were resistant to gentamicin. 60% of these species bore aac (6’)- le – aph(2”)- la gene. ph(2”)- Ib,Ic,Id genes were not seen in any of the evaluated species. Conclusion. In gentamicin-resistant species of E. faecalis and E. faecium, the aac (6’)- le – aph(2”)- la gene was identified as the main cause of resistance

DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS AND RISK FACTORS IN RECENTLY DIAGNOSED TYPE II DIABETES: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY

&nbsp; Abstract INTRODUCTION: Due to a worldwide increase in the incidence of type II diabetes, it will likely continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the future. Given that usually a mean of 4-7 years has passed from the initial onset of type II diabetes until the time of diagnosis, a great number of patients have already been affected by one or more diabetic complications by the time of diagnosis. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence of diabetic complications and risk factors in recently diagnosed type II diabetic patients in the city of Mashhad, Northeast Iran. methods: This cross-sectional prevalence study was performed between March, 2002 and September, 2002. The study group included 200 type II diabetics whose disease had been diagnosed within one year prior to the start of our study. The collected data included medical history, physical examination and clinical tests, including urinalysis (for evaluation of macroproteinuria), blood sampling (for evaluation of serum glucose and lipid levels), and electrocardiography (EKG). Several common indicators of diabetic complications were analyzed. results: Of the 200 patients studied, 66 were male and 134 were female. The mean age of the patients was 52.2 years for men and 46.8 for women at the time of diagnosis. Overall, 74.2% of the patients were shown to have been affected by one or more diabetic complications prior to diagnosis with type II diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Formulating a new screening program may help us diagnose type II diabetes earlier and control it more effectively. This may lead to a reduction in morbidity and mortality in type II diabetes patients. &nbsp; &nbsp; Keywords: Type II diabetes mellitus, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, macrovascular complications, body mass index.</div

Microbial flora of root canals of pulpally-infected teeth: Enterococcus faecalis a prevalent species

Background and aims. The aim of this study was to determine the microorganisms prevalent in the necrotic dental pulp and root canals of unsuccessfully treated teeth. &#13; Materials and methods. The present study was conducted on 150 single-rooted teeth of patients referring to a dental clinic. Sampling was performed by placing a sterile paper point in the canal for 60 s. Bacterial samples were evaluated by a microbiological technique specific for anaerobic species, used for isolation and identification of sampled strains. &#13; Results. From the 150 samples taken, 101 were from necrotic pulps (primary infection) and 49 were from the teeth with an unsuccessful endodontic treatment (secondary infection).&#13; Conclusion. Enterococcus faecalis was a prevalent species in the failed root canals evaluated

Pros and Cons of Informed Consent in Gynecology and Obstetrics

Obtaining informed consent is a fundamental aspect of medical ethics to protect patients’ autonomy and human dignity. An adequate practice of informed consent is complex and has not only personal but also ethical, legal, and administrative implications

A study on the possibility of drug delivery approach through ultrasonic sensitive nanocarriers

Physical drug delivery through smart nanocarrier and external stimulus could lead to significant improvements of drug potency as well as noticeable decrease in unwanted side effects. Currently, many external energy sources such as light, magnetic fields, ultrasound, ...,  are under investigation as external stimulus for physical drug delivery. The purpose of this paper is to review most recent developments of triggered release of drugs and biomolecules under external ultrasound exposure. A special attention has also been paid to the metal nanostructures for ultrasound mediated drug delivery and also, other nanostructures were also considered. We briefly introduced ultrasound regulation and safety consideration. Further it is concluded that the use of nanostructures for delivery of active biomolecules in combination with ultrasound as a stimulus to trigger drug release from the nanocarriers and increased drug penetration has gained much attention for effective drug delivery and overcoming difficulties of multi-drug resistance of cancer

Antibacterial Effect of Diclofenac Sodium on Enterococcus faecalis

Objective: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have shown antibacterial activity in some recent studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of diclofenac against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) as a resistant endodontic bacterium in comparison with ibuprofen, calcium hydroxide and amoxicillin.Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of materials was evaluated using agar diffusion test and tube dilution method. Mixtures of 400 mg/ml of materials were prepared. The bacteria were seeded on 10 Muller-Hinton agar culture plates. Thirty microliter of each test material was placed in each well punched in agar plates. After incubation, the zone of bacterial inhibition was measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the test materials was determined by agar dilution method. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Sidak post hoc test was used to compare the mean zone of microbial growth in the groups.Results: There were significant differences between the two groups (p< 0.05). Results of the agar diffusion test showed that antibiotics (amoxicillin, gentamycin) had the greatest antibacterial activity followed by NSAIDs (ibuprofen, diclofenac). Ca(OH)2 failed to show antibacterial activity. Diclofenac and ibuprofen showed distinct antibacterial activity against E. faecalis in 50 µg/ml and above concentrations.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it is concluded that diclofenac and ibuprofen have significantly more pronounced antibacterial activity against E. faecalis in comparison with Ca(OH)2