Historic maps as a data source for socio-hydrology: a case study of the Lake Balaton wetland system, Hungary

Socio-hydrology is the science of human influence on hydrology and the influence of the water cycle on human social systems. This newly emerging discipline inherently involves a historic perspective, often focusing on timescales of several centuries. While data on human history is typically available for this time frame, gathering information on the hydrological situation during such a period can prove difficult: measured hydrological data for such long periods are rare, while models and secondary data sets from geomorphology, pedology or archaeology are typically not accurate enough over such a short time. In the first part of this study, the use of historic maps in hydrology is reviewed. Major breakthroughs were the acceptance of historic map content as valid data, the use of preserved features for investigating situations earlier than the map, and the onset of digital georeferencing and data integration. Historic maps can be primary quantitative sources of hydro-geomorphological information, they can provide a context for point-based measurements over larger areas, and they can deliver time series for a better understanding of change scenarios. <br><br> In the second part, a case study is presented: water level fluctuations of Lake Balaton were reconstructed from maps, levelling logs and other documents. An 18th century map system of the whole 5700 km² catchment was georeferenced, integrated with two 19th century map systems, and wetlands, forests and open water digitized. Changes in wetland area were compared with lake water level changes in a 220 yr time series. Historic maps show that the water level of the lake was closer to present-day levels than expected, and that wetland loss pre-dates drainage of the lake. <br><br> The present and future role of historic maps is discussed. Historic hydrological data has to be treated with caution: while it is possible to learn form the past, the assumption that future changes will be like past changes does not always hold. Nevertheless, old maps are relatively accessible data sets and the knowledge base for using them is rapidly growing, and it can be expected that long-term time series will be established by integrating georeferenced map systems over large areas. <br><br> In the Appendix, a step-by-step guide to using historic maps in hydrology is given, starting from finding a map, through georeferencing and processing the map to publication of the results

THE PROBLEMS OF RESTORING LARGE, SHALLOW LAKES.

The problems of restoring eutrophic, shallow lakes are discussed using examples from three lakes with different surface areas, e.g., L.Neagh (N. Ireland), L.Balaton (Hungary) and L.Suwa (Japan). The water quality in each lake has undergone marked deteriorations during this century and all of them were considered hypertrophic by the late 1970's. Improved sewage treatment was installed and although they all showed some initial recovery (max. chl a down by 25 - 33% by 1984), since then further improvement has been much slower. Two of the main reasons for this are internal recycling and the in-wash of nutrients from non-point sources. In considering the restoration plans for the three lakes, it is important to include inshore areas. Each of these lakes has been lowered and their annual water level fluctuations controlled. To highlight the major ecological problems associated with such changes, L.Neagh, which has a largely 'undeveloped' shoreline but where rare post-glacial habitats are endangered, is compared to L.Balaton, now one of Central Europe's most popular resorts.Article信州大学理学部付属諏訪臨湖実験所報告 7: 9-19(1991)departmental bulletin pape

Legal Studies and Works of János Baranyai Decsi

In Hungary from the 16th century on there was a tendency to make a “harmonization” of the Hungarian customary law with the Roman Legal Codex. Baranyai Decsi, besides other activities, made a book on Romanisation of the Hungarian Law. The book, Syntagma institvtionvm ivris imperialis ac Vngarici… (1593) was using both the Tripartitum by Werbőczy (a legal compendium for Hungary), and the manuscript for its later variant: Quadripartitum (originally by 1552). In the autumn of 1593 Baranyai Decsi became the rector of the college at Székelyvásárhely (Transylvania). From then on, he ceased to do legal work. His book Syntagma is an interesting milestone of the reception efforts in Hungary