Transmission Grid Connection of Energy Storage Facilities - Overview and Challenges

Energy storage is an emerging technology that can provide flexibility for the electrical power system operation, especially in the conditions of large scale penetration of highly intermittent renewable energy sources. The paper gives an overview of energy storage technologies, giving the main technical characteristics and comparison of different energy storage features, like specific energy and power, price, number of cycles, expected lifetime, etc. Basic requirements for the connection of production and load facilities to the transmission network are described, as well as challenges regarding energy storage transmission grid integration. Finally, worldwide examples of energy storage grid connection projects are given

Structure of Installed Capacity from Renewable Energy Sources in Europe and their Production Management within the Regulatory Framework

Rastući trend udjela obnovljivih izvora energije u instaliranim kapacitetima proizvođača električne energije, osim brojnih povoljnih, uzrokovao je i nekoliko negativnih posljedica. Ovaj rad razmatra najčešće tipove obnovljivih izvora energije, fizikalne osnove pretvorbe primarnog energenta u električnu energiju, mogućnosti upravljanja izlaznom snagom te instalirane i planirane kapacitete u Europskim zemljama. Analiziran je utjecaj pojedinih elektrana na cijenu električne energije te različiti modeli financiranja obnovljivih izvora energije – modeli garantiranih cijena i model premije. Razmotreni su načini prognoziranja i predviđena je cijena korištenjem neuronskih mreža nakon promjene snage elektrana. Opisano je unutar-dnevno tržište i analizirani su koraci koje Hrvatska mora poduzeti do otvaranja istog.Growing trend of renewable energy sources in installed capacities of electrical energy producers had caused, despite a number of positive consequences, a few negative ones, too. This thesis gives review of the most common renewable energy sources types, physical concept of transformation of a primary energy source to electrical energy, output power control possibilities, as well as installed and planned capacities in European countries. Furthermore, the effect of a particular power plant on the electricity price and different models of financing renewable energy sources (fixed feed-in and feed-in premium) are analysed. Various methods of electricity price forecasting are discussed. Electricity price on the market, after the power plant active power is changed, is forecasted using the automated neural networks. At the end, intraday market is described and the steps that have to be made, until the intraday market in Croatia is opened, are analysed

DC microgrids

Napredak tehnologije, kao i potreba za smanjenjem onečišćenja okoliša, natjerali su znanstvenike da počnu tražiti alternative dosad konvencionalnim načinima opskrbljivanja energijom. Kao odgovor na pitanje onečišćenja, ali i potrebe za kvalitetnijom električnom energijom javile su se istosmjerne mikromreže. U prilog njima ide i činjenica da se velik broj uređaja kako u kućanstvu, tako i u industriji, napaja istosmjernom strujom. Istosmjerna mikromreža sastoji se od distribuirane proizvodnje (malog vjetroagregata, fotonaponskih ćelija) te spremnika energije koji služi kao rezerva (baterijskog podsustava). Može biti priključena na vanjsku mrežu, ali i raditi u otočnom radu.Technology advances, as well as need to reduce environment pollution, have made scientists to start searching for alternatives to conventional energy production. As answer to pollution, but also to a need for high quality electrical energy, there is created concept called DC microgrids. Their advantage is that many loads in our homes, as well as in industries work on DC current. DC microgrid consist of distributed generation (DG) such as photovoltaic cells (PV) and small wind turbine, energy storage systems (ESS) such as batteries and supercapacitors and they serve as reserve if production of distribute energy sources is too small. DC microgrid can work connected to a conventional AC grid, or in islanded mode

DC microgrids

Napredak tehnologije, kao i potreba za smanjenjem onečišćenja okoliša, natjerali su znanstvenike da počnu tražiti alternative dosad konvencionalnim načinima opskrbljivanja energijom. Kao odgovor na pitanje onečišćenja, ali i potrebe za kvalitetnijom električnom energijom javile su se istosmjerne mikromreže. U prilog njima ide i činjenica da se velik broj uređaja kako u kućanstvu, tako i u industriji, napaja istosmjernom strujom. Istosmjerna mikromreža sastoji se od distribuirane proizvodnje (malog vjetroagregata, fotonaponskih ćelija) te spremnika energije koji služi kao rezerva (baterijskog podsustava). Može biti priključena na vanjsku mrežu, ali i raditi u otočnom radu.Technology advances, as well as need to reduce environment pollution, have made scientists to start searching for alternatives to conventional energy production. As answer to pollution, but also to a need for high quality electrical energy, there is created concept called DC microgrids. Their advantage is that many loads in our homes, as well as in industries work on DC current. DC microgrid consist of distributed generation (DG) such as photovoltaic cells (PV) and small wind turbine, energy storage systems (ESS) such as batteries and supercapacitors and they serve as reserve if production of distribute energy sources is too small. DC microgrid can work connected to a conventional AC grid, or in islanded mode

Structure of Installed Capacity from Renewable Energy Sources in Europe and their Production Management within the Regulatory Framework

Rastući trend udjela obnovljivih izvora energije u instaliranim kapacitetima proizvođača električne energije, osim brojnih povoljnih, uzrokovao je i nekoliko negativnih posljedica. Ovaj rad razmatra najčešće tipove obnovljivih izvora energije, fizikalne osnove pretvorbe primarnog energenta u električnu energiju, mogućnosti upravljanja izlaznom snagom te instalirane i planirane kapacitete u Europskim zemljama. Analiziran je utjecaj pojedinih elektrana na cijenu električne energije te različiti modeli financiranja obnovljivih izvora energije – modeli garantiranih cijena i model premije. Razmotreni su načini prognoziranja i predviđena je cijena korištenjem neuronskih mreža nakon promjene snage elektrana. Opisano je unutar-dnevno tržište i analizirani su koraci koje Hrvatska mora poduzeti do otvaranja istog.Growing trend of renewable energy sources in installed capacities of electrical energy producers had caused, despite a number of positive consequences, a few negative ones, too. This thesis gives review of the most common renewable energy sources types, physical concept of transformation of a primary energy source to electrical energy, output power control possibilities, as well as installed and planned capacities in European countries. Furthermore, the effect of a particular power plant on the electricity price and different models of financing renewable energy sources (fixed feed-in and feed-in premium) are analysed. Various methods of electricity price forecasting are discussed. Electricity price on the market, after the power plant active power is changed, is forecasted using the automated neural networks. At the end, intraday market is described and the steps that have to be made, until the intraday market in Croatia is opened, are analysed

DC microgrids

Napredak tehnologije, kao i potreba za smanjenjem onečišćenja okoliša, natjerali su znanstvenike da počnu tražiti alternative dosad konvencionalnim načinima opskrbljivanja energijom. Kao odgovor na pitanje onečišćenja, ali i potrebe za kvalitetnijom električnom energijom javile su se istosmjerne mikromreže. U prilog njima ide i činjenica da se velik broj uređaja kako u kućanstvu, tako i u industriji, napaja istosmjernom strujom. Istosmjerna mikromreža sastoji se od distribuirane proizvodnje (malog vjetroagregata, fotonaponskih ćelija) te spremnika energije koji služi kao rezerva (baterijskog podsustava). Može biti priključena na vanjsku mrežu, ali i raditi u otočnom radu.Technology advances, as well as need to reduce environment pollution, have made scientists to start searching for alternatives to conventional energy production. As answer to pollution, but also to a need for high quality electrical energy, there is created concept called DC microgrids. Their advantage is that many loads in our homes, as well as in industries work on DC current. DC microgrid consist of distributed generation (DG) such as photovoltaic cells (PV) and small wind turbine, energy storage systems (ESS) such as batteries and supercapacitors and they serve as reserve if production of distribute energy sources is too small. DC microgrid can work connected to a conventional AC grid, or in islanded mode

Structure of Installed Capacity from Renewable Energy Sources in Europe and their Production Management within the Regulatory Framework

Rastući trend udjela obnovljivih izvora energije u instaliranim kapacitetima proizvođača električne energije, osim brojnih povoljnih, uzrokovao je i nekoliko negativnih posljedica. Ovaj rad razmatra najčešće tipove obnovljivih izvora energije, fizikalne osnove pretvorbe primarnog energenta u električnu energiju, mogućnosti upravljanja izlaznom snagom te instalirane i planirane kapacitete u Europskim zemljama. Analiziran je utjecaj pojedinih elektrana na cijenu električne energije te različiti modeli financiranja obnovljivih izvora energije – modeli garantiranih cijena i model premije. Razmotreni su načini prognoziranja i predviđena je cijena korištenjem neuronskih mreža nakon promjene snage elektrana. Opisano je unutar-dnevno tržište i analizirani su koraci koje Hrvatska mora poduzeti do otvaranja istog.Growing trend of renewable energy sources in installed capacities of electrical energy producers had caused, despite a number of positive consequences, a few negative ones, too. This thesis gives review of the most common renewable energy sources types, physical concept of transformation of a primary energy source to electrical energy, output power control possibilities, as well as installed and planned capacities in European countries. Furthermore, the effect of a particular power plant on the electricity price and different models of financing renewable energy sources (fixed feed-in and feed-in premium) are analysed. Various methods of electricity price forecasting are discussed. Electricity price on the market, after the power plant active power is changed, is forecasted using the automated neural networks. At the end, intraday market is described and the steps that have to be made, until the intraday market in Croatia is opened, are analysed