Hypothalamic neurons secreting vasopressin and neurophysin

Vasopressin is synthesized in the magnocellular system of the hypothalamus in clusters of cells which form the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus. The hormone is synthesized and packaged in neurosecretory granules with an intragpanular protein, neurophysin. The demonstration of axon flow of neurosecretory granules from the perikarya in the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary and subsequent release into the blood has been an important historical chapter in our understanding of neurosecretion. Isolation of neurophysins from several species and development of antisera to these peptides as well as antibodies to vasopressin have provided new tools to re-examine this system. In several species, the data indicate a specific neurophysin for vasopressin and a different neurophysin for oxytocin. It is now well established that neurophysins are secreted with hormones and this has provided a cogent argument that exocytosis is a major form of neurosecretion of vasopressin. Assay of neurophysin in plasma can be used to study vasopressin release. Immunohistochemical studies using antibodies to vasopressin and neurophysin demonstrated that the magnocellular system is more diffusely distributed throughout the hypothalamus than was previously appreciated. In addition, vasopressin and neurophysin are formed in both the supraoptic and paraventricular neurons and there are three pathways of secretion. The major pathway is the supraoptico-hypophyseal tract to the posterior lobe. The second pathway is to the external zone of the median eminence for secretion into the hypophyseal portal blood. The third pathway is to the third ventricle for secretion into cerebral spinal fluid. Vasopressin in the external zone is greatly increased by the absence of adrenal cortical steroids which suggests that vasopressin may play a role in the hypothalamic anterior pituitary adrenal axis. The cerebral spinal fluid pathway may be important in man if vasopressin is found to have the memory consolidating effects which have been investigated in other animals

Distribution of Baird\u27s Pocket Gopher (Geomys breviceps) In Arkansas; with Additional County Records

Recently, a population of pocket gophers in the north-central portion of Arkansas was determined to be the plains pocket gopher (Geomys Imrsarius), rather than Baird\u27s pocket gopher (Geomys breviceps). This changed the known range of both species extensively. A detailed examination of the known range of Baird\u27s pocket gophers (G. breviceps) in Arkansas resulted in 12 new county records. Biogeographically, G. breviceps appears to be found in all physiographic regions within the state with the possible exception ofCrowley\u27s ridge. It is most common in the Gulf Coastal Plain and rarest in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The distribution ofG. breviceps is consistent with the hypothesis that glaciation events, together withnorthward invasions from Louisiana and eastern Texas and eastward invasions from Oklahoma (around the Ouachita Mountains) were major creational forces in the establishment of the present G. breviceps distribution in Arkansas

Texture of Butters Made from Milks Differing in Indices of Atherogenicity

The current study examined whether the phenotypic variation in milk fatty acid composition among cows fed the same diet was sufficient to produce butter with different textural properties. Butter samples from cows with a more unsaturated milk fatty acid composition had a lower index of atherogenicity and were more spreadable, softer, and less adhesive than were butter samples from cows with a more saturated milk fatty acid composition. Thus, selection of cows for milk fatty acid composition short-term by segregation and long-term by breeding programs can be used to produce butter that is more healthful and has a more favorable texture

Butter Composition and Texture from Cows with Different Milk Fatty Acid Compositions Fed Fish Oil or Roasted Soybeans

Nutritional and physical properties of dairy products can be improved by changing milk fatty acid composition toward more unsaturation. Diet of cows, e.g., feeding supplemental fish oil (FO) or roasted soybeans (RSB), and cow selection can improve the nutritional and physical properties of dairy products and their acceptability to consumers. We examined whether feeding supplemental FO or RSB to cows that had a more unsaturated milk fatty acid composition acted additively to produce butter with improved fatty acid composition and texture. Multiparous Holstein cows chosen for producing either more or less unsaturated milk fatty acid composition (n = 6 in each group) were fed for three 3-week periods a control diet and two experimental diets that included additionally 0.9% of FO or 5% of RSB. The milk, collected in the third week of feeding, was used to make butter, which was analyzed for its fatty acid composition and physical properties. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition were not significantly affected by cow diet or by cow selection. Cows that produced, prior to the feeding study, a more unsaturated and healthful milk fat using a “health-promoting index” (HPI = [sum of % of unsaturated fatty acids] / [%C12:0 + 4 x %C14:0 + %C16:0]) maintained during the feeding study a higher HPI in their butter than did cows with a low HPI. Milk from cows fed supplemental FO or RSB yielded more unsaturated butters with higher HPI. This butter also was softer when the cows were fed RSB. Feeding RSB to cows chosen for their high milk HPI yielded the most unsaturated butter with the highest HPI and softest texture. Thus, selecting cows with a more healthful milk fatty acid composition and feeding cows supplemental RSB additively improved butter fatty acid composition and texture

Immunocytochemistry of the C-terminal peptide of propressophysin (CPP): Relationship to vasopressin, oxytocin and neurophysin

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and its associated neurophysin (AVP-NP) are synthesized via a precursor, propressophysin, which also contains a 39 amino acid glycopeptide at its C-terminus (C-terminus of propressophysin, or CPP). In the present study, immunocytochemical techniques were used to determine the cellular co-localization of CPP with AVP, oxytocin (OXY), AVP-NP and OXY-NP in the rat hypothalamus using colchicine pre-treatment and serial 5 [mu]m section analysis. Extensive cross-competition studies of antisera raised against each peptide with the various antigens yielded no significant crossreactivity of the CPP, AVP, OXY and NP antisera. The NP antiserum, although directed against both AVP-NP and OXY-NP, demonstrated a preference for OXY-NP at a dilution of 1:20,000. CPP and AVP were always co-localized within the same magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic, paraventricular and circularis nuclei, and further showed very similar patterning in the suprachiasmatic nucleus as well. In conrast, no cellular overlap could be detected between CPP and OXY, in any of the above nuclei (the suprachiasmatic nucleus is devoid of OXY). Likewise, no examples of co-localization of CPP and OXY-NP were found in the magnocellular nuclei. These results are in strong agreement with a biosynthetic relationship between CPP, AVP and AVP-NP, and their separateness from the OXY and OXY-NP precursor.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25176/1/0000615.pd

Protocols for Monitoring Habitat Restoration Projects in the Lower Columbia River and Estuary

Protocols for monitoring salmon habitat restoration projects are essential for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' environmental efforts in the Columbia River estuary. This manual provides state-of-the science data collection and analysis methods for landscape features, water quality, and fish species composition, among others

Evaluating Cumulative Ecosystem Response to Restoration Projects in the Lower Columbia River and Estuary, 2009

This is the sixth annual report of a seven-year project (2004 through 2010) to evaluate the cumulative effects of habitat restoration actions in the lower Columbia River and estuary (LCRE). The project, called the Cumulative Effects Study, is being conducted for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Portland District (USACE) by the Marine Sciences Laboratory of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the Pt. Adams Biological Field Station of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce (CREST), and the University of Washington. The goal of the Cumulative Effects Study is to develop a methodology to evaluate the cumulative effects of multiple habitat restoration projects intended to benefit ecosystems supporting juvenile salmonids in the 235-km-long LCRE. Literature review in 2004 revealed no existing methods for such an evaluation and suggested that cumulative effects could be additive or synergistic. From 2005 through 2009, annual field research involved intensive, comparative studies paired by habitat type (tidal swamp versus marsh), trajectory (restoration versus reference site), and restoration action (tidegate replacement vs. culvert replacement vs. dike breach)

Community participation in bureaucratic organizations: Principles and strategies

The present paper points out that there are tasks that primary groups perform better than bureaucracies and those that bureaucracies perform better than primary groups. Both types of tasks are very interdependent so that sometimes primary group tasks must be performed within the boundaries of the bureaucratic organization. The argument is made that when primary groups intervene in bureaucracies, they can do so directly in non-expert tasks without lowering the effectiveness of the bureaucratic organization. When they intervene in expert aspects, they should do so indirectly through an expert advocate. However, in all intervention the primary group must take into account that its structure is contradictory to that of the bureaucracy and, therefore, it must keep as much distance as possible—consistent with its ability to intervene. From this analysis we derive a series of hypotheses suggesting when the community might ideally use the bureaucracy's own experts, when the community must hire its own experts, when the community should use mass media, strikes, indigenous workers, etc. It is suggested that the multitudinous possibilities for linkages can all be derived from a few basic underlying dimensions of the situation. Cet article montre qu'il existe certaines tâches que les groupes primaires accomplissent mieux que les bureaucraties, et certaines autres qu'accomplissent mieux les bureaucraties. Les deux sortes de tâches sont interdépendentes; donc parfois les tâches des groupes primaires doivent s'accomplir parmi les organisations bureaucratiques. Les auteurs soutiennent que les groupes primaires peuvent intervenir dans les bureaucraties en complétant les tâches non-expertes sans réduire l'efficacité de l'organisation bureaucratique. Quands ils participent à certains sujets experts, ils devraient se munir d'un agent expert. Mais dans toute intervention le groupe primaire doit se rendre compte que sa structure contredit celle de la bureaucratie et que, par conséquent, il doit se tenir autant à distance que possible par rapport à sa compétence d'intervention. De cette analyse proviennent des hypothèses qui indiquent quand une communauté peut se servir le mieux du personnel expert d'une bureaucratie, quand la communauté doit engager des experts, quand la communauté doit se servir des mass média, des grèves, des ouvriers indigènes, etc. Les nombreuses possibilités de liaisons proviennent toutes de quelques dimensions fondamentales de la situation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42934/1/10780_2005_Article_BF02214879.pd

Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0�59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3�5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization�s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99 of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40 and wasting to less than 5 by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications. © 2020, The Author(s)