Multiple-model based update of belgian reference road data

This paper describes a semi-automatic system for road update based on high resolution orthophotos and 3D surface models. Potential update regions are identified by an object-wise verification of all existing database records, followed by a scene-wide detection of redevelopment regions. The proposed system combines several road detection and road verification approaches from current literature to form a more general solution. Each road detection / verification approach is realized as an independent module representing a unique road model combined with a corresponding processing strategy. The object-wise verification result of each module is formulated as a binary decision between the classes "correct road" and "incorrect road". These individual decisions are combined by Dempster-Shafer fusion, which provides tools for dealing with uncertain and incomplete knowledge about the statistical properties of the data. For each road detection / verification module a confidence function for the result is introduced that reflects the degree of correspondence of an actual test situation with an optimal situation according to the underlying road model of that module. Experimental results achieved with data from the national Belgian road database in a test site of about 134 km(2) demonstrate the potential of the method

What\u27s New in Plant Pathology: Resistance: Mystery and Misunderstandings

One of the most common management recommendations for plant diseases is the use of resistant or tolerant varieties/hybrids in your production system. However, there is common confusion on the definition and differentiation of susceptible, tolerant, and resistant varieties/hybrids from a plant pathology viewpoint. A susceptible variety/hybrid allows the pathogen to reproduce and causes significant disease development and in turn compromises the productivity of the plant (i.e., yield). A tolerant variety/hybrid allows the pathogen to reproduce and cause disease at the same or at a slightly reduced rate as a susceptible variety/cultivar; however, there is no noticeable reduction in the plant’s overall productivity. Finally, a resistant variety/hybrid limits or prevents pathogen reproduction and disease development; hence, plant productivity is little or not affected while the plant remains very productive. It is important to note that plant resistance is not plant “immunity,” where it is expected that a variety/hybrid will have NO disease. Unfortunately, immunity does not exist for the majority of plant diseases and expecting such a reaction (or lack thereof) is unrealistic. Resistance, simply, is a reduction in disease severity due to the plant’s defenses. Plants have many mechanisms for defense but do not possess immune systems comparable to our own that preclude infection and disease development

Major Fusarium Diseases on Corn, Wheat, and Soybeans in Nebraska

Fusarium species have been associated with many important diseases of corn, wheat, and soybean, causing significant yield loss in Nebraska; some produce mycotoxins that are harmful to both human and animal consumers. These pathogens are very common in agricultural field soil across the Midwest and cause numerous types of diseases

Differentiating Chemical and Disease Symptoms in the Field

In years with conditions favorable for seedling disease and other disease there are typically concerns and inquiries about the cause(s) of symptoms in agronomic plants. Many of the questions focus on differentiating between plant injuries potentially caused by recent herbicide applications versus symptoms caused by plant pathogens. Chemical injury in row crops is caused by chemicals such as herbicides, fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators, and crop oils when they are applied individually, as a mixture, or together with adjuvants. If chemicals are applied incorrectly, plants may be damaged at any point during the growing season. Chemical injury can result from carryover in the soil, contamination of the spray tank, spray drift, or misapplication. Damage may even be realized with chemical applications when recommended application guidelines are followed if other environmental conditions are adverse, including low soil temperatures, high soil moisture levels, or if young plants are exposed to high levels of various fertilizers. Factors such as the mode of action of the chemical, application rate, growing conditions, and growth stage of the crop determine the extent of injury and symptom expression. Symptoms of chemical damage are diverse and include leaf lesions with burned, necrotic patches, wilting, damping off, and sometimes death of mature plants. These symptoms could easily be confused with those caused by various plant pathogens found throughout the state. In most instances management actions cannot be taken during the year of the injury once you are past the replant timing. Therefore, you will want to correctly identify what is causing any stand problems to aid with future management actions

Corn Disease Profile III: Ear Rot Diseases and Grain Molds

Extension Circular 1901 (EC1901). Under certain conditions, corn ear rot and grain mold diseases are common and can lead to loss of grain quality. Moldy grain can be docked or rejected at the elevator. Additionally, some ear and grain pathogens may produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins, which are toxic to animals and humans consuming the contaminated grain. Mycotoxin-contaminated grain can also be docked or rejected. Mycotoxin production may start in the field and continue after harvest, or it may start during storage if mold infection begins there. When grain storage is necessary, drying grain to less than 15 percent moisture for long-term storage or to no more than 18 percent for short-term storage will help reduce fungal growth

Soybean Disease Profiles II: Stem and Root Rot Diseases

Extension Circular 1904 (EC1904). Photographs and disease descriptions of Brown Stem Rot (BSR), Charcoal Rot, Fusarium Wilt and Root Rot, Phytophthora Root and Stem Rot, Pod and Stem Blight, Phomopsis Seed Decay, Rhizoctonia Root and Cortical Rot, Sclerotinia Stem Rot, Seedling Blights, Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN), Stem Canker, and Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS)

Corn Disease Profiles: Diseases Favored by Wet Conditions

Extension Circular 1909 (EC1909) Extreme weather events are predicted to become increasingly common and could bring periods of more intense rainfall. Wet conditions are favorable for many plant pathogens and the development of diseases. Seasonal timing when these conditions occur, as well as other factors such as temperature, impact which diseases develop and when. Listed, described, and illustrated are some common corn diseases favored by wet conditions: Pythium Root Rot, Eyespot, Northern Corn Leaf Blight, Gray Leaf Spot, Physoderma Brown Spot, Rust Diseases (Puccinia spp.), Stalk and Crown Rot Diseases (such as those caused by Fusarium and Diplodia spp.), and Ear Rot Diseases (such as those caused by Fusarium, Gibberella, and Diplodia spp.)

Corn Disease Profiles: Diseases Favored by Wet Conditions

Extension Circular 1909 (EC1909) Extreme weather events are predicted to become increasingly common and could bring periods of more intense rainfall. Wet conditions are favorable for many plant pathogens and the development of diseases. Seasonal timing when these conditions occur, as well as other factors such as temperature, impact which diseases develop and when. Listed, described, and illustrated are some common corn diseases favored by wet conditions: Pythium Root Rot, Eyespot, Northern Corn Leaf Blight, Gray Leaf Spot, Physoderma Brown Spot, Rust Diseases (Puccinia spp.), Stalk and Crown Rot Diseases (such as those caused by Fusarium and Diplodia spp.), and Ear Rot Diseases (such as those caused by Fusarium, Gibberella, and Diplodia spp.)

Corn Disease Profiles: Diseases Favored by Dry Conditions

Extension Circular 1910 (EC1910) Extreme weather events are predicted to become increasingly common and could bring periods of drought as well as intense rainfall events. Wet conditions are favorable for many plant pathogens and the development of diseases, but some diseases may also develop during or following dry weather. The timing during the season when dry conditions occur, as well as other factors, such as temperature, impact which diseases develop and when. The list summarizes some of the most common corn diseases that can develop during dry conditions: Seedling Root Rot Diseases, Nematodes, Common Smut, Rust Diseases Charcoal Rot, Stalk and Crown Rot Diseases, and Aspergillus Ear Rot. (Illustrated with photographs.

Non-Adiabatic Electronic and Vibrational Ring-Opening Dynamics resolved with Attosecond Core-Level Spectroscopy

Non-adiabatic dynamics and conical intersections play a central role in the chemistry of most polyatomic molecules, ranging from isomerization to heterocyclic ring opening and avoided photo-damage of DNA. Studying the underpinning correlated dynamics of electronic and nuclear wave packets is a major challenge in real-time and, many times involves optically dark transient states. We show that attosecond core-level spectroscopy reveals the pathway dynamics of neutral furan across its conical intersections and dark states. Our method measures electronic-nuclear correlations to detect the dephasing of electronic coherence due to nuclear motion and identifies the ring-opened isomer as the dominant product. These results demonstrate the efficacy of attosecond core level spectroscopy as a potent method to investigate the real-time dynamics of photochemical reaction pathways in complex molecular systems