URGENSI PELAKSANAAN SANKSI PELATIHAN KERJA TERHADAP ANAK YANG BERKONFLIK DENGAN HUKUM SEBAGAI PEMENUHAN TUJUAN PEMIDANAAN

Kenakalan anak yang semakin meningkat menggambarkan potret buram dari Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia. Pidana penjara bukan lagi menjadi solusi untuk dapat mengurangi jumlah anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum, sehingga harus adanya perubahan paradigma bahwa sanksi pidana yang diberikan terhadap anak bukan sanksi yang bersifat retributif melainkan sanksi yang sifatnya rehabilitatif, seperti sanksi pelatihan kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan agar dapat mengetahui sejauh mana sanksi pelatihan kerja dalam memenuhi tujuan pemidanaan dan prinsip-prinsip restoratif justice agar dapat menjadi dasar pelaksanaannya. Oleh karena itu, peneliti mengangkat identifikasi masalah dalam skripsi ini yaitu 1. Bagaimana urgensi pelaksanaan sanksi pelatihan kerja terhadap anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum sebagai pemenuhan tujuan pemidanaan; 2. Bagaimana urgensi pelaksanaan sanksi pelatihan kerja terhadap anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip restoratif justice. Metode penelitian yang digunakan bersifat Yuridis Normatif dengan spesifikasi penelitian yang bersifat Deskriptif Analitis yang menggambarkan peraturan dan teori hukum terkait urgensi pelaksanaan sanksi pelatihan kerja. Dalam pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penelitian kepustakaan dan penelitian lapangan serta dianalisis secara kualitatif yang difokuskan dengan menghubungkan aturan dan teori terkait kesesuaian antara pelaksanaan sanksi pelatihan kerja terhadap anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum dan tujuan pemidanaan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa sanksi pelatihan kerja dapat diterapkan kepada anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum karena dapat memberikan perlindungan kepada anak untuk dapat berintegrasi yang secara otomatis dapat memberikan perlindungan kepada masyarakat dari ancaman untuk menjadi korban kejahatan dengan melaksanakan pembinaan yang dilakukan dengan upaya-upaya sebagaimana dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 57 Tahun 1999 tentang Kerjasama Penyelenggaraan Pembinaan dan Pembimbingan Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan; Pelaksanaan sanksi pelatihan kerja telah memenuhi prinsipprinsip dari restoratif justice yang dapat diterapkan dalam sistem pemasyarakatan sebagai upaya untuk dapat meninggalkan pidana penjara sebagai sanksi yang diberikan terhadap anak, sebab pelaksanaan sanksi pelatihan kerja dilaksanakan atas dasar rehabilitatif dan resosialisasi yang mengenyampingkan sanksi yang bersifat memaksa, serta adanya keterlibatan masyarakat dalam pelaksanaannya sehingga menimbulkan perubahan persepsi terhadap anak binaan pemasyarakatan, mengurangi ketakutan akan kejahatan dan mempersiapkan masyarakat untuk reintegrasi mantan anak binaan pemasyarakatan. Agar dapat memaksimalkan pelaksanaan sanksi pelatihan kerja harus didukung dengan adanya aturan pelaksana yang harus dibentuk oleh pemerintah dan dukungan dengan memfasilitasi setiap proses pelaksanaan sanksi nya serta dapat terciptanya keadilan dan kemanfaatan hukum. Kata Kunci : sanksi pelatihan kerja, tujuan pemidanaan, restoratif justice

Limited thermal plasticity may constrain ecosystem function in a basally heat tolerant tropical telecoprid dung beetle, Allogymnopleurus thalassinus (Klug, 1855)

Tropical organisms are more vulnerable to climate change and associated heat stress as they live close to their upper thermal limits (UTLs). UTLs do not only vary little across tropical species according to the basal versus plasticity ‘trade-of’ theory but may also be further constrained by low genetic variation. We tested this hypothesis, and its efects on ecosystem function using a diurnally active dung rolling beetle (telecoprid), Allogymnopleurus thalassinus (Klug, 1855) that inhabits arid environments. Specifcally, (i) we tested basal heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima [CTmax] and heat knockdown time [HKDT]), and (ii) ecological functioning (dung removal) efciency following dynamic chronic acclimation temperatures of variable high (VT-H) (28–45 °C) and variable low (VT-L) (28–16 °C). Results showed that A. thalassinus had extremely high basal heat tolerance (>50 °C CTmax and high HKDT). Efects of acclimation were signifcant for heat tolerance, signifcantly increasing and reducing CTmax values for variable temperature high and variable temperature low respectively. Similarly, efects of acclimation on HKDT were signifcant, with variable temperature high signifcantly increasing HKDT, while variable temperature low reduced HKDT. Efects of acclimation on ecological traits showed that beetles acclimated to variable high temperatures were ecologically more efcient in their ecosystem function (dung removal) compared to those acclimated at variable low temperatures. Allogymnopleurus thalassinus nevertheless, had low acclimation response ratios, signifying limited scope for complete plasticity for UTLs tested here. This result supports the ‘trade-of’ theory, and that observed limited plasticity may unlikely bufer A. thalassinus against efects of climate change, and by extension, albeit with caveats to other tropical ecological service providing insect species. This work provides insights on the survival mechanisms of tropical species against heat and provides a framework for the conservation of these natural capital species that inhabit arid environments under rapidly changing environmental climate.Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST).Southern African Germany Network for Biodiversity-Ecosystem Service Research and Education (DAADSAGES).http://www.nature.com/srep/index.htmlpm2022Zoology and Entomolog

Addressing human resources for health needs to support HIV epidemic control: prioritizing site-level interventions in Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018-2020

Introduction: The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) continues to fund programs aimed at achieving epidemic control in three provinces where 30 percent of people living with HIV/AIDS in the country reside. Challenges around human resources for health impede the delivery of quality HIV/AIDS services in DRC. Methods: In partnership with the United States Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), PEPFAR, and DRC Ministry of Health (MoH), Columbia University's International Center for AIDS Prevention (ICAP at Columbia University) worked with 16 PEPFAR-identified high-priority health facilities and developed specific interventions to address challenges in achieving PEPFAR 95-95-95 targets. Once interventions were selected and prioritized using a collaborative, criteria-driven approach, implementation of these human resources for health improvements began alongside care and treatment efforts already underway. This study began in October 2018, and high-priority interventions were launched in July 2019. Monthly reporting of key PEPFAR metrics continues for evaluation purposes. Results: All 16 high-priority health facilities participated fully. Of several hypothesized interventions, 12 were selected as highest priority, and budgets and task plans were developed for each. The interventions were launched for implementation and evaluation within six months of Ministry of Health approval. Conclusion: This assessment delineated necessary interventions to address site-specific human resources for health challenges/deficiencies. Downstream reporting of key PEPFAR 95-95-95 metrics, including Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting indicators, will allow intervention teams to conduct program evaluations and their impacts on targets

Population genetics of the cichlid, Cynotilapia afra (Günther 1894), in its native and introduced ranges in Lake Malawi

Species introductions can provide unplanned and occasionally replicated experiments that can be studied to understand fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes associated with range expansions in the natural world. The cichlid species flock of Lake Malawi consists of an estimated 451-800 species and is a textbook example of explosive speciation that has been studied as a model system of evolution in the past three decades. In addition, fish are of major socio-economic importance to Malawian people, and they form an important source (circa 70%) of animal protein in their diet. Furthermore, fisheries activity employs 3% of the country's population and contributes to 4% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This thesis studies a well documented, human mediated introduction of a rocky-shore, plankton-feeding cichlid fish Cynotilapia afra into Lake Malawi National Park. This introduction has important evolutionary and ecological consequences on the native populations of Pseudotropheus zebra, and here I investigate its population genetic impacts using contemporary molecular genetic tools and analyses. Three hypotheses were tested: 1. Introduction events are usually associated with a small founder population size, and the resulting genetic bottleneck is expected to reduce genetic variation of C. afra in the introduced range. 2. The invasive scenario during the introduction followed a stepping stone pattern, or alternatively, it occurred as several independent introductions of C. afra in Lake Malawi National Park. 3. Introgressive hybridisation between C. afra and P. zebra may have facilitated the introduction of the invading C. afra population and restored its depleted genetic variation associated with the founder event. Furthermore, the gene pool of C. afra has more non-native genetic material as compared to P. zebra. Samples were collected from six native and four introduced populations of C. afra, as well as three native populations of P. zebra. The latter species is from a different genus, although laboratory experiments indicate that both species hybridise in laboratory conditions. Sequence variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was analysed using 15 individuals per sample population and 60 individuals per sample population were genotyped at six microsatellite loci. These data were analysed to test the three hypotheses and identify potential source populations, infer introduction patterns (stepping stone or independent), and deduct whether introgressive hybridisation may have facilitated the founder event and subsequent establishment of C. afra in the invasive range in Lake Malawi Natural Park. The three data chapters in this thesis discuss the findings of the mtDNA sequence study (Chapter 2) and the microsatellite study (Chapter 3). In Chapter 4, I analyse the microsatellite data in further detail and consider the role of introgression by using Bayesian analysis tools. The mtDNA study presented in Chapter 2 reveals that C. afra and P. zebra mtDNA sequences show high levels of lineage sorting (i.e. the DNA sequences of both species are remarkably distinct). This finding is in sharp contrast to previous studies on Lake Malawi rock-dwelling cichlids which have shown that cichlid species share the same or very similar mtDNA haplotypes. Furthermore, the introduced populations showed a higher sequence and haplotype diversity than their native counterparts. This analysis suggests that elevated gene diversity was largely due to C. afra populations being founded by individuals from several genetically distinct and geographically separate populations. In Chapter 4, I discuss the role of introgressive hybridisation with native P. zebra, and its impact on mtDNA variation in the introduced C. afra gene pool. In Chapter 3, I show that in contrast to the signal obtained from the mtDNA, the genetic variation at the microsatellite loci exhibited a significant reduction in the introduced range. Introduced C. afra populations have a lower mean effective number of alleles (ne) than C. afra populations in their native range. I use an approximate Bayesian analysis and show compelling evidence that at least two independent introductions have contributed to the introduced C. afra gene pool, a conclusion that is supported by high probability values. This conclusion differs from that of previous studies which suggested a stepping stone introduction pattern around Thumbi West Island. Surprisingly, a population of C. afra at Domwe Island was founded by a source population from Thumbi West Island, and this stepping stone introduction pattern is supported with a high probability (95%). Microsatellite analysis furthermore suggests that the founder event of C. afra in Lake Malawi National Park was associated with strong genetic drift associated with a genetic bottleneck. I was not able to detect this signal from the mtDNA genetic marker alone, which showed an increase in genetic variation at the mtDNA due to different source populations contributing to the founder event (see Chapter 2). These combined studies reported in Chapter 2 and 3 thus demonstrate that microsatellites may be well-suited to investigate questions related to conservation issues such as bottlenecks associated with founder events, while mtDNA is more suited to reveal the evolutionary processes and establish different source populations that have contributed to the introduction. In Chapter 4, I analyse the level of genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci, and show that the introduced C. afra and native P. zebra populations at Thumbi West Island are genetically more similar (G'ST=0.36+/-0.05) than the species-pair at Otter point (G'ST=0.94+/-0.18) and Domwe Island (G'ST=0.55+/-0.09). In addition, C. afra and P. zebra at Thumbi West Island showed a lower genetic distance than allopatric C. afra or P. zebra populations from Otter point and Domwe Island. Further analysis using a Bayesian assignment approach supports previous findings and demonstrates the likelihood of introgressive hybridisation between an introduced C. afra and a native P. zebra population at Thumbi West Island. No evidence of introgression is found at Otter point and Domwe Island, where the C. afra and P. zebra populations show distinct genetic structure. The occurrence of introgressive hybridisation at Thumbi West between species from distinct genera shows that translocations can have a dramatic impact even on the gene pools of heterospecific recipient populations. The results from this work have crucial implications in evolution of cichlid fishes and in invasion biology when predicting the evolution of invasiveness. In summary, the thesis shows that hybridisation, as well as the introduction of multiple genetically differentiated source populations has increased the genetic diversity of introduced C. afra populations, and this may have facilitated their establishment in Lake Malawi National Park. Translocation of cichlid species in Lake Malawi can have a dramatic impact even on heterospecific gene pools

Population genetics of the cichlid, Cynotilapia afra (Günther 1894), in its native and introduced ranges in Lake Malawi

Species introductions can provide unplanned and occasionally replicated experiments that can be studied to understand fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes associated with range expansions in the natural world. The cichlid species flock of Lake Malawi consists of an estimated 451-800 species and is a textbook example of explosive speciation that has been studied as a model system of evolution in the past three decades. In addition, fish are of major socio-economic importance to Malawian people, and they form an important source (circa 70%) of animal protein in their diet. Furthermore, fisheries activity employs 3% of the country's population and contributes to 4% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This thesis studies a well documented, human mediated introduction of a rocky-shore, plankton-feeding cichlid fish Cynotilapia afra into Lake Malawi National Park. This introduction has important evolutionary and ecological consequences on the native populations of Pseudotropheus zebra, and here I investigate its population genetic impacts using contemporary molecular genetic tools and analyses. Three hypotheses were tested: 1. Introduction events are usually associated with a small founder population size, and the resulting genetic bottleneck is expected to reduce genetic variation of C. afra in the introduced range. 2. The invasive scenario during the introduction followed a stepping stone pattern, or alternatively, it occurred as several independent introductions of C. afra in Lake Malawi National Park. 3. Introgressive hybridisation between C. afra and P. zebra may have facilitated the introduction of the invading C. afra population and restored its depleted genetic variation associated with the founder event. Furthermore, the gene pool of C. afra has more non-native genetic material as compared to P. zebra. Samples were collected from six native and four introduced populations of C. afra, as well as three native populations of P. zebra. The latter species is from a different genus, although laboratory experiments indicate that both species hybridise in laboratory conditions. Sequence variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was analysed using 15 individuals per sample population and 60 individuals per sample population were genotyped at six microsatellite loci. These data were analysed to test the three hypotheses and identify potential source populations, infer introduction patterns (stepping stone or independent), and deduct whether introgressive hybridisation may have facilitated the founder event and subsequent establishment of C. afra in the invasive range in Lake Malawi Natural Park. The three data chapters in this thesis discuss the findings of the mtDNA sequence study (Chapter 2) and the microsatellite study (Chapter 3). In Chapter 4, I analyse the microsatellite data in further detail and consider the role of introgression by using Bayesian analysis tools. The mtDNA study presented in Chapter 2 reveals that C. afra and P. zebra mtDNA sequences show high levels of lineage sorting (i.e. the DNA sequences of both species are remarkably distinct). This finding is in sharp contrast to previous studies on Lake Malawi rock-dwelling cichlids which have shown that cichlid species share the same or very similar mtDNA haplotypes. Furthermore, the introduced populations showed a higher sequence and haplotype diversity than their native counterparts. This analysis suggests that elevated gene diversity was largely due to C. afra populations being founded by individuals from several genetically distinct and geographically separate populations. In Chapter 4, I discuss the role of introgressive hybridisation with native P. zebra, and its impact on mtDNA variation in the introduced C. afra gene pool. In Chapter 3, I show that in contrast to the signal obtained from the mtDNA, the genetic variation at the microsatellite loci exhibited a significant reduction in the introduced range. Introduced C. afra populations have a lower mean effective number of alleles (ne) than C. afra populations in their native range. I use an approximate Bayesian analysis and show compelling evidence that at least two independent introductions have contributed to the introduced C. afra gene pool, a conclusion that is supported by high probability values. This conclusion differs from that of previous studies which suggested a stepping stone introduction pattern around Thumbi West Island. Surprisingly, a population of C. afra at Domwe Island was founded by a source population from Thumbi West Island, and this stepping stone introduction pattern is supported with a high probability (95%). Microsatellite analysis furthermore suggests that the founder event of C. afra in Lake Malawi National Park was associated with strong genetic drift associated with a genetic bottleneck. I was not able to detect this signal from the mtDNA genetic marker alone, which showed an increase in genetic variation at the mtDNA due to different source populations contributing to the founder event (see Chapter 2). These combined studies reported in Chapter 2 and 3 thus demonstrate that microsatellites may be well-suited to investigate questions related to conservation issues such as bottlenecks associated with founder events, while mtDNA is more suited to reveal the evolutionary processes and establish different source populations that have contributed to the introduction. In Chapter 4, I analyse the level of genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci, and show that the introduced C. afra and native P. zebra populations at Thumbi West Island are genetically more similar (G'ST=0.36+/-0.05) than the species-pair at Otter point (G'ST=0.94+/-0.18) and Domwe Island (G'ST=0.55+/-0.09). In addition, C. afra and P. zebra at Thumbi West Island showed a lower genetic distance than allopatric C. afra or P. zebra populations from Otter point and Domwe Island. Further analysis using a Bayesian assignment approach supports previous findings and demonstrates the likelihood of introgressive hybridisation between an introduced C. afra and a native P. zebra population at Thumbi West Island. No evidence of introgression is found at Otter point and Domwe Island, where the C. afra and P. zebra populations show distinct genetic structure. The occurrence of introgressive hybridisation at Thumbi West between species from distinct genera shows that translocations can have a dramatic impact even on the gene pools of heterospecific recipient populations. The results from this work have crucial implications in evolution of cichlid fishes and in invasion biology when predicting the evolution of invasiveness. In summary, the thesis shows that hybridisation, as well as the introduction of multiple genetically differentiated source populations has increased the genetic diversity of introduced C. afra populations, and this may have facilitated their establishment in Lake Malawi National Park. Translocation of cichlid species in Lake Malawi can have a dramatic impact even on heterospecific gene pools.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Covid-19 Vaccine Rollout: Challenges and Insights from Informal Settlements

The Covid-19 pandemic’s health impacts on low‑income urban communities have not been insignificant, but the results of state responses and shutdowns implemented without adequate consideration of poverty consequences have been very serious. In this context, vaccination is one way – among many and varied actions needed – in which people can reduce risk of further exclusion. This article summarises early findings from a study focusing on the experiences of communities in informal settlements in four major cities in the global South – Harare, Kampala, Lilongwe, and Mumbai – which was conducted in partnership with national affiliates of Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI). By providing a snapshot of how global vaccine inequalities play out at the local level, we aim to contribute to understanding the challenges faced by low‑income residents in informal settlements in accessing Covid-19 vaccines and their perceptions of those challenges, and to generate insights about good practices to help ensure more equitable vaccine distribution.Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Offic

Microbial effects of livestock manure fertilization on freshwater aquaculture ponds rearing tilapia (Oreochromis shiranus) and North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).

The majority of seafood is farmed, with most finfish coming from freshwater ponds. Ponds are often fertilized to promote microbial productivity as a natural feed source to fish. To understand if pond fertilization with livestock manure induces a probiotic or prebiotic effect, we communally reared tilapia (Oreochromis shiranus), and North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), for 4 weeks under seven manure treatments including layer chicken, broiler chicken, guinea fowl, quail, pig, cow, vs. commercial feed to evaluate microbial community dynamics of the manure, pond water, and fish feces using 16S and 18S rRNA marker genes along with metagenome sequencing. Catfish growth, but not tilapia, was positively associated with plankton abundance (p = 0.0006, R2  = 0.4887) and greatest in ponds fertilized with quail manure (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Manure was unique and influenced the 16S microbiome in pond water, tilapia gut, and catfish gut and 18S community in pond water and catfish guts (PERMANOVA, p = 0.001). On average, 18.5%, 18.6%, and 45.3% of manure bacteria sOTUs, (sub-operational taxonomic units), were present in the water column, catfish feces, and tilapia feces which comprised 3.7%, 12.8%, and 10.9% of the total microbial richness of the communities, respectively. Antibiotic resistance genes were highest in the manure and water samples followed by tilapia feces and lowest in catfish feces (p < 0.0001). In this study, we demonstrate how the bacterial and eukaryotic microbial composition of fish ponds are influenced by specific livestock manure inputs and that the gut microbiome of tilapia is more sensitive and responsive than catfish to these changes. We conclude that animal manure used as fertilizer induces a primarily prebiotic effect on the pond ecosystem rather than a direct probiotic effect on fish

Microbial effects of livestock manure fertilization on freshwater aquaculture ponds rearing tilapia (Oreochromis shiranus) and North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).

The majority of seafood is farmed, with most finfish coming from freshwater ponds. Ponds are often fertilized to promote microbial productivity as a natural feed source to fish. To understand if pond fertilization with livestock manure induces a probiotic or prebiotic effect, we communally reared tilapia (Oreochromis shiranus), and North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), for 4 weeks under seven manure treatments including layer chicken, broiler chicken, guinea fowl, quail, pig, cow, vs. commercial feed to evaluate microbial community dynamics of the manure, pond water, and fish feces using 16S and 18S rRNA marker genes along with metagenome sequencing. Catfish growth, but not tilapia, was positively associated with plankton abundance (p = 0.0006, R2  = 0.4887) and greatest in ponds fertilized with quail manure (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Manure was unique and influenced the 16S microbiome in pond water, tilapia gut, and catfish gut and 18S community in pond water and catfish guts (PERMANOVA, p = 0.001). On average, 18.5%, 18.6%, and 45.3% of manure bacteria sOTUs, (sub-operational taxonomic units), were present in the water column, catfish feces, and tilapia feces which comprised 3.7%, 12.8%, and 10.9% of the total microbial richness of the communities, respectively. Antibiotic resistance genes were highest in the manure and water samples followed by tilapia feces and lowest in catfish feces (p < 0.0001). In this study, we demonstrate how the bacterial and eukaryotic microbial composition of fish ponds are influenced by specific livestock manure inputs and that the gut microbiome of tilapia is more sensitive and responsive than catfish to these changes. We conclude that animal manure used as fertilizer induces a primarily prebiotic effect on the pond ecosystem rather than a direct probiotic effect on fish