Map-in-Parallel-Coordinates Plot (MPCP): Field Trial Studies of High-Dimensional Geographical Data Analysis

As the world has become increasingly digitalized in recent years, high-dimensional data with geographical location coordinate attributes, mainly referring to latitude and longitude, have been accumulated and spread to many disciplines. It is challenging to analyze such data. The map-in-parallel-coordinates plot (MPCP) is an incorporate visual analysis method that can express, filter, and highlight high-dimensional geographical data to facilitate data exploration and comprehension. In this paper, the MPCP underwent a series of field trial studies to verify its applicability, adaptability, and high efficacy in the real-world. The results of the evaluation were positive, which provides reasonable proof and new insights into the benefits of using MPCP to visually analyze high-dimensional geographical datasets

Single Bout Short Duration Fluid Shear Stress Induces Osteogenic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells via Integrin β1 and BMP2 Signaling Cross-Talk

<div><p>Fluid shear stress plays an important role in bone osteogenic differentiation. It is traditionally believed that pulsed and continuous stress load is more favorable for fracture recovery and bone homeostasis. However, according to our clinical practice, we notice that one single stress load is also sufficient to trigger osteogenic differentiation. In the present study, we subject osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells to single bout short duration fluid shear stress by using a parallel plate flow system. The results show that 1 hour of fluid shear stress at 12 dyn/cm² promotes terminal osteogenic differentiation, including rearrangement of F-actin stress fiber, up-regulation of osteogenic genes expression, elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity, secretion of type I collagen and osteoid nodule formation. Moreover, collaboration of BMP2 and integrin β1 pathways plays a significant role in such differentiation processes. Our findings provide further experimental evidence to support the notion that single bout short duration fluid shear stress can promote osteogenic differentiation.</p> </div

FSS induces osteogenic differentiation MC3T3-E1 cells.

<p>(A) FSS induced rearrangement of stress fibers. F-actin microfilaments were visualized with rhodamine phalloidin. Relative means and standard deviations of fluorescence intensity were given upon the images (<i>P</i><0.01; Scale bar: 20 µm). Transcriptional levels of <i>ALP</i> (B), <i>RUNX2</i> (C) and <i>SP7</i> (D) in MC3T3-E1 cells were determined by qRT-PCR in a series of time points after FSS. Data were shown as fold change relative to control. (E) ALP activities were detected by using nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) method at 24 h pf.. (F) Extracellular type I collagen was determined by immunostaining at 24 h pf.. Relative integrated optical density (IOD) of immunostaining was calculated and the relative means and standard deviations were shown under each picture. (<i>P</i><0.001; Scale bar: 50 µm) (G) Microscopic view of extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Cells treated with FSS and stained with Alizarin Red S at day 12 pf. Quantification of Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining was determined via extraction with cetyl-pyridinium chloride. Absorbance was read at 560 nm. Relative means and standard deviations were shown underneath (<i>P</i><0.001; Scale bar: 50 µm). Transcriptional levels of <i>ALP</i> (H), <i>RUNX2</i> (I) and <i>SP7</i> (J), ALP activities (K) and ECM mineralization (L) in primary isolated mesenchymal stem cells from mouse bone marrow were determined after FSS treatment. (pf., post-FSS treatment. Scale bar: 50 µm. Data were shown as mean ± SD. <i>n</i> = 3; **, <i>P</i><0.001; ***, <i>P</i><0.001.)</p

BMP2 governs osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.

<p>(A) mRNA Levels of <i>ALP</i>, <i>RUNX2</i> and <i>SP7</i> were measured after recombinant BMP2 or/and dorsomorphin (DM) treatment for 12 h. *, BMP2 group versus control group; #, BMP2 + DM group versus BMP2 group. (B) ALP activity was detected as indicated at 24 h pf.. (C) Microscopic examination and (D) quantification of ARS stain were carried out as above to assess the terminal differentiation at day 6 pf.. (Scale bar: 50 µm. Data were shown as mean ± SD. <i>n</i> = 3. ***, <i>P</i><0.001; ###, <i>P</i><0.001.)</p

FSS promotes BMP2 synthesis and secretion.

<p>(A) FSS up-regulated transcriptional level of <i>BMP2</i> gene. Relative level of <i>BMP2</i> was determined by qRT-PCR at a series of time points after FSS load. (B) Extracellular level of BMP2 protein was examined using ELISA. (Data were shown as mean ± SD. <i>n</i> = 3. *, <i>P</i><0.05; **, <i>P</i><0.01; ***, <i>P</i><0.001.)</p