607 research outputs found
Enhanced Effective Aperture Distribution Function for Characterizing Large-Scale Antenna Arrays
Accurate characterization of large-scale antenna arrays is growing in importance and complexity for the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond systems, as they feature more antenna elements and require increased overall performance. The full 3D patterns of all antenna elements in the array need to be characterized because they are in general different due to construction inaccuracy, coupling, antenna array's asymmetry, etc. The effective aperture distribution function (EADF) can provide an analytic description of an antenna array based on a full-sphere measurement of the array in an anechoic chamber. However, as the array aperture increases, denser spatial samples are needed for EADF due to large distance offsets of array elements from the reference point in the anechoic chamber, leading to a prohibitive measurement time and increased complexity of EADF. In this paper, we present the EADF applied to large-scale arrays and highlight issues caused by the large array aperture. To overcome the issues, an enhanced EADF is proposed with a low complexity that is intrinsically determined by the characteristic of each array element rather than the array aperture. The enhanced EADF is validated using experimental measurements conducted at 27-30 GHz frequency band with a relatively large planar array
Safe, Efficient, and Comfortable Velocity Control based on Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving
A model used for velocity control during car following was proposed based on
deep reinforcement learning (RL). To fulfil the multi-objectives of car
following, a reward function reflecting driving safety, efficiency, and comfort
was constructed. With the reward function, the RL agent learns to control
vehicle speed in a fashion that maximizes cumulative rewards, through trials
and errors in the simulation environment. A total of 1,341 car-following events
extracted from the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) dataset were used to
train the model. Car-following behavior produced by the model were compared
with that observed in the empirical NGSIM data, to demonstrate the model's
ability to follow a lead vehicle safely, efficiently, and comfortably. Results
show that the model demonstrates the capability of safe, efficient, and
comfortable velocity control in that it 1) has small percentages (8\%) of
dangerous minimum time to collision values (\textless\ 5s) than human drivers
in the NGSIM data (35\%); 2) can maintain efficient and safe headways in the
range of 1s to 2s; and 3) can follow the lead vehicle comfortably with smooth
acceleration. The results indicate that reinforcement learning methods could
contribute to the development of autonomous driving systems.Comment: Submitted to IEEE transaction on IT
Triplet Attention Transformer for Spatiotemporal Predictive Learning
Spatiotemporal predictive learning offers a self-supervised learning paradigm
that enables models to learn both spatial and temporal patterns by predicting
future sequences based on historical sequences. Mainstream methods are
dominated by recurrent units, yet they are limited by their lack of
parallelization and often underperform in real-world scenarios. To improve
prediction quality while maintaining computational efficiency, we propose an
innovative triplet attention transformer designed to capture both inter-frame
dynamics and intra-frame static features. Specifically, the model incorporates
the Triplet Attention Module (TAM), which replaces traditional recurrent units
by exploring self-attention mechanisms in temporal, spatial, and channel
dimensions. In this configuration: (i) temporal tokens contain abstract
representations of inter-frame, facilitating the capture of inherent temporal
dependencies; (ii) spatial and channel attention combine to refine the
intra-frame representation by performing fine-grained interactions across
spatial and channel dimensions. Alternating temporal, spatial, and
channel-level attention allows our approach to learn more complex short- and
long-range spatiotemporal dependencies. Extensive experiments demonstrate
performance surpassing existing recurrent-based and recurrent-free methods,
achieving state-of-the-art under multi-scenario examination including moving
object trajectory prediction, traffic flow prediction, driving scene
prediction, and human motion capture.Comment: Accepted to WACV 202
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