High Internal Phase Pickering Emulsion Stabilized by Natural Biomacromolecules and Its Application in Foods

In recent years, high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) has attracted much attention due to its unique organizational properties and has a wide application prospect in the food field. Natural biomacromolecules, active components in organisms, possess good biocompatibility, degradability, no or low toxic effects, which are excellent stabilizers for HIPPEs. In this paper, the potential of natural biomacromolecules to stabilize HIPPEs and recent progress on the application of biopolymer-stabilized HIPPEs in the inhibition of lipid oxidation, as a substitute for trans fatty acids, and in the encapsulation and delivery of nutrients, the 3D printing of foods and encapsulation of probiotics are briefly reviewed in order to provide a reference for the application of HIPPEs stabilized by natural biomacromolecules in foods

Proteome changes of lungs artificially infected with H-PRRSV and N-PRRSV by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome with PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection, which causes significant economic losses annually, is one of the most economically important diseases affecting swine industry worldwide. In 2006 and 2007, a large-scale outbreak of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) happened in China and Vietnam. However little data is available on global host response to PRRSV infection at the protein level, and similar approaches looking at mRNA is problematic since mRNA levels do not necessarily predict protein levels. In order to improve the knowledge of host response and viral pathogenesis of highly virulent Chinese-type PRRSV (H-PRRSV) and Non-high-pathogenic North American-type PRRSV strains (N-PRRSV), we analyzed the protein expression changes of H-PRRSV and N-PRRSV infected lungs compared with those of uninfected negative control, and identified a series of proteins related to host response and viral pathogenesis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>According to differential proteomes of porcine lungs infected with H-PRRSV, N-PRRSV and uninfected negative control at different time points using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry identification, 45 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. These proteins were mostly related to cytoskeleton, stress response and oxidation reduction or metabolism. In the protein interaction network constructed based on DEPs from lungs infected with H-PRRSV, HSPA8, ARHGAP29 and NDUFS1 belonged to the most central proteins, whereas DDAH2, HSPB1 and FLNA corresponded to the most central proteins in those of N-PRRSV infected.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study is the first attempt to provide the complex picture of pulmonary protein expression during H-PRRSV and N-PRRSV infection under the in vivo environment using 2D-DIGE technology and bioinformatics tools, provides large scale valuable information for better understanding host proteins-virus interactions of these two PRRSV strains.</p

Hoxc6 loss of function truncates the main body axis in Xenopus

Animal science

Patterning of the Vertebrate Head in Time and Space by BMP Signaling

How head patterning is regulated in vertebrates is yet to be understood. In this study, we show that frog embryos injected with Noggin at different blastula and gastrula stages had their head development sequentially arrested at different positions. When timed BMP inhibition was applied to BMP-overexpressing embryos, the expression of five genes: xcg-1 (a marker of the cement gland, which is the front-most structure in the frog embryo), six3 (a forebrain marker), otx2 (a forebrain and mid-brain marker), gbx2 (an anterior hindbrain marker), and hoxd1 (a posterior hindbrain marker) were sequentially fixed. These results suggest that the vertebrate head is patterned from anterior to posterior in a progressive fashion and may involve timed actions of the BMP signaling

Ectopic Hox expression also affects the expression of anterior head genes.

<p>Expression of Six-3 (a, b, c), Otx-2 (d, e, f) and Gbx-2 (g, h, i) are shown for WT, HoxD-1 injected and HoxB-4 GR injected (activated at st.8) embryos.</p

Anteroposterior axis is rescued by ectopic Hox expression in noggin-dorsalised embryos.

<p>(A) Morphological phenotypes of embryos in different Hox rescue treatments. Anterior is to the left and dorsal is up. (B) Percentage of embryos showing different phenotypes in different treatment groups. From left to right: wild-type (n = 40); Noggin only (n = 32); Noggin and HoxD-1 co-injection (n = 133); HoxB-4 GR and Noggin co-injection, without Dex treatment (n = 46); HoxB4 and Noggin co-injection, with Dex treatment at st.8 (n = 90); HoxB-9 and Noggin co-injection: n = 140. (C-E) Q-PCR for HoxD-1, HoxB-4, HoxC-6 and HoxB-9 in different rescue groups: rescue by HoxD1 (C), rescue by HoxB4 (D), and rescue by HoxB-9. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. (F) Schematic showing different portions of A-P axis and different Hox genes rescued by HoxD1, B4 and B9 respectively.</p

Collinear Hox-Hox interactions are involved in patterning the vertebrate anteroposterior (A-P) axis

<div><p>Investigating regulation and function of the Hox genes, key regulators of positional identity in the embryo, opened a new vista in developmental biology. One of their most striking features is collinearity: the temporal and spatial orders of expression of these clustered genes each match their 3’ to 5’ order on the chromosome. Despite recent progress, the mechanisms underlying collinearity are not understood. Here we show that ectopic expression of 4 different single Hox genes predictably induces and represses expression of others, leading to development of different predictable specific sections of the body axis. We use ectopic expression in wild-type and noggin—dorsalised (<i>Hox</i>-free) <i>Xenopus</i> embryos, to show that two Hox-Hox interactions are important. Posterior induction (induction of posterior Hox genes by anterior ones: PI), drives Hox temporal collinearity (Hox timer), which itself drives anteroposterior (A-P) patterning. Posterior prevalence (repression of anterior Hox genes by posterior ones: PP) is important in translating temporal to spatial collinearity. We thus demonstrate for the first time that two collinear Hox interactions are important for vertebrate axial patterning. These findings considerably extend and clarify earlier work suggesting the existence and importance of PP and PI, and provide a major new insight into genesis of the body axis.</p></div

Dynamics of Hox interactions indicates different roles for auto-regulation, posterior induction and posterior prevalence in A-P patterning.

<p>(A) Q-PCR for HoxD1 at st.10.5, 11, 12 and 15 in WT and HoxB4 GR (activated at st.8) injected embryos. (B) Q-PCR for HoxB4 at st.10.5 and 11 in WT and HoxB4 injected embryos. (C) Q-PCR for HoxB6 at st.11 and 11.5 in WT and HoxB4 injected embryos. (D) Q-PCR for HoxB9 at st.11.5 and 12 in WT and HoxB4 injected embryos. (E) The known facts concerning auto-regulation, posterior induction and posterior prevalence in A-P Patterning. (a) Hox genes start to be expressed from early gastrulation onward in the non-organiser mesoderm (NOM), where there are high levels of BMP. At this stage, their nested expression domains overlap fully with each other. (b) During gastrulation and early neurulation, auto-regulation (A) and posterior induction (PI) together enable Hox genes (coloured discs) to be expressed in a temporal order that matches their 3' to 5' order on the chromosome (temporal collinearity) The sequential times of initial expression of the neighbouring Hox genes are indicated by the small clock faces. Since the precise control of Hox activation time is vital to function, posterior induction (black arrows) may possibly occur in a cascade manner to ensure the expression of Hox genes in the correct order. Data is not presently available to determine whether this is the case. Starting from neurulation, posterior prevalence (PP) exerts its influence in neurectoderm and paraxial mesoderm, where there are relatively low levels of BMP. The coordination between auto-regulation, posterior induction and posterior prevalence during this stage helps to establish a pre-pattern, resulting in non-overlapping or partially overlapping expression. Notably, posterior prevalence does not happen in a cascade manner since it is not required for driving the Hox timer. Later during axis elongation, these earlier events lead to a spatial pattern being established (spatial collinearity).</p

Ectopic Hox expression in wild-type embryos affects axis formation and endogenous Hox expression.

<p>(A) Phenotypes of embryos injected with different Hox RNA. (B) Percentage of embryos showing anterior defects. From left to right: wild-type (n = 30), HoxD-1 injected (n = 54), HoxB-4 GR injected (without Dex treatment) (n = 40), HoxB-4 GR injected (with Dex treatment at st.8) (n = 60), HoxA-7 injected (n = 45), HoxB-9 injected (n = 36). (C) Q-PCR for HoxD1, A2, B4 and C6 in HoxD1 injected embryos. (D) Q-PCR for HoxB2, B4, B5 and A7 in HoxB4 GR injected embryos (activated at st.8). (E) Q-PCR for HoxB4, A7, C8 and B9 in HoxA7 injected embryos. (F) Q-PCR for HoxA7, B9, D10 and D13 in HoxB9 injected embryos.</p