The Root Aorist in Old East Slavonic Parimejnik Copies (To the Online Corpus Edition)

The article focuses on aorist forms and root aorist distribution in the Old East Slavonic Parimejnik corpus, an Old Testament lectionary, being one of the most important liturgical texts in Byzantine and Slavonic rites, it provided the Old Testament knowledge. The root aorist is a diagnostic type of archaic forms that indicates the reference of the text with Cyril-and-Methodius tradition to the emergence of Slavonic written culture. The analysis is carried out for the first time and is based on the corpus approach. It became possible due to the online edition of five Old East Slavonic copies of Parimejnik: Lazarevskiy from ca. 1150–1170, Zakharinskiy from 1271, Kozminskiy from 1312–1313, Troitskiy I from the 14 th century, and Fedorovskiy II, from the 13 th century. The author discovered 18 entries of root aorists in Zakhariinskiy Parimejnik. This is the largest number of entries in the late Old East Slavonic written sources altogether. 10 entries were found at Lazarevskiy Parimejnik. The root aorist is represented in the rest of the copies in sporadic forms. The distribution of forms in the copies corresponds precisely to the four distinguished editorial types: the most ancient, Zakharinskiy, Kozminskiy, and Semenovskiy. The samples of editing root aorist forms were revealed to occur due to their confusion with homonymous forms of "zero" presence and participles

Заметки о словоформе е ‘есть’ в древнерусской и старославянской письменности

A study of the so-called zero-forms of the present tense 3rd person singular and plural (without inflectional -tь) in the birch bark manuscripts has once again attracted the attention of researchers to this grammatical phenomenon. Andrey Zaliznyak established the zero-forms usage positions and their range and functions, and he arrived at the conclusion that they are Novgorod dialectisms. Analysis of the Old Slavonic and written sources of the Russian Southwest found similarities with the Novgorod birch bark manuscripts, so the zero-forms should be considered Proto-Slavic dialectisms, inherited by different Old Russian dialects and tracing back to the injunctive and the conjunctive, its later substitute. At the same time, data correlation showed the narrowness of the birch bark manuscripts’ discursive range. A. Zaliznyak discovered several jе ‘is’ word forms in a supposedly enclitic function. He noted, however, that there was a lack of material for drawing final conclusions. The present paper provides evidence of the jе word form usage in the function of Wackernagel enclitics in different sources, especially in the 11th century Sinaiskii Paterik (Pratum spiritual), where, as it turns out, this type of enclitic was closely related with an interrogative sentence type, not always functioning as a link-verb and meaning a non-factive action of supposition. The jе word form is also used widely in a non-enclitic position, where it has a non-actual, primarily gnomic, present tense meaning.Исследование так называемых нулевых форм презенса 3 л. ед. и мн. ч. (без флективного -ть) в берестяных грамотах вновь привлекло внимание исследователей к этому грамматическому явлению. А. А. Зализняк установил позиции употребления нулевых форм, их диапазон и функции. Рассмотрение старославянских и книжных источников юго-запада Руси обнаружило сходство с новгородской берестяной письменностью, так что нулевые формы следует признать праславянско-индоевропейским диалектизмом, унаследованным разными древнеславянскими диалектами и восходящим к инъюнктиву и его позднему субституту — конъюнктиву. Вместе с тем сопоставление данных показало узость дискурсивного диапазона берестяной письменности. А. А. Зализняк обнаружил несколько словоформ е ‘есть’ в предположительно энклитической функции. Однако он отметил, что для окончательных выводов недостает материала. В статье приводятся свидетельства употребления словоформы е в функции энклитики вакернагелевского типа в различных источниках, прежде всего в Синайском патерике кон. XI в., где данная энклитика, как выяснилось, была тесно связана с вопросительным типом предложений, далеко не всегда выступая в функции связки и обозначая нефактивное действие предположения. Словоформа е широко распространена и в неэнклитической позиции, где имеет значение неактуального, прежде всего гномического презенса

O tempo perfeito no manuscrito do século XIII

This article reflects the result of perfect form semantics study in the collection of words and teachings (RNL, F.p.1.39) of the 13th century, which was carried out within the framework of the project devoted to the evolution and the functioning of an ancient Russian verb. Most of the manuscript is occupied by Kirill Turovsky’s words. Besides, it contains the oldest South Russian translation of "Tales of Aphroditian." In this regard, the attention of researchers was mainly paid to the contents of the collection, and not to its linguistic and morphological characteristics. The work is the part of a comprehensive analysis of Tolstoy's collection linguistic features. We have determined that in the source, as in many other works, the overwhelming number of perfect forms is represented by the 2nd and the 3rd person singular, but, unlike the "traditional" use of the 3rd person forms without a link, the collection has only few forms without a link. The formulation of a single meaning, which could explain all the contexts of the use and non-use of perfects, is impossible for us. Presumably, perfect conveys a certain complex of subjectively colored meanings, connected, on the one hand, with emotionally expressive isolation of an action or an event, and on the other hand - with an evidence or with a reference to a known information / source.Este artículo refleja el resultado del estudio semántico de forma perfecta en la colección de palabras y enseñanzas (RNL, Fp1.39) del siglo XIII, que se llevó a cabo en el marco del proyecto dedicado a la evolución y el funcionamiento de un antiguo verbo ruso . La mayor parte del manuscrito está ocupado por las palabras de Kirill Turovsky. Además, contiene la traducción más antigua del sur de Rusia de "Tales of Aphroditian". En este sentido, la atención de los investigadores se centró principalmente en los contenidos de la colección y no en sus características lingüísticas y morfológicas. El trabajo es parte de un análisis exhaustivo de las características lingüísticas de la colección de Tolstoy. Hemos determinado que en la fuente, como en muchas otras obras, la abrumadora cantidad de formas perfectas está representada por la segunda y la tercera persona del singular, pero, a diferencia del uso "tradicional" de las formas de tercera persona sin un vínculo, la colección tiene pocas formas sin un enlace. La formulación de un significado único, que podría explicar todos los contextos del uso y no uso de los perfectos, es imposible para nosotros. Presumiblemente, perfecto transmite un cierto complejo de significados subjetivamente coloreados, conectados, por un lado, con el aislamiento emocionalmente expresivo de una acción o un evento, y por otro lado, con una evidencia o con una referencia a una fuente / información conocida.Este artigo reflete o resultado da perfeita forma semântica de estudo na coleção de palavras e ensinamentos (RNL, Fp1.39) do século XIII, que foi realizada no âmbito do projeto dedicado à evolução e ao funcionamento de um antigo verbo russo . A maior parte do manuscrito é ocupada pelas palavras de Kirill Turovsky. Além disso, contém a mais antiga tradução para o sul da Rússia de "Tales of Aphroditian". A esse respeito, a atenção dos pesquisadores foi principalmente paga ao conteúdo da coleção, e não às suas características lingüísticas e morfológicas. O trabalho é parte de uma análise abrangente das características linguísticas da coleção de Tolstoi. Determinamos que na fonte, como em muitos outros trabalhos, o número esmagador de formas perfeitas é representado pela 2ª e 3ª pessoas do singular, mas, ao contrário do uso "tradicional" das formas de 3ª pessoa sem um link, a coleção tem apenas alguns formulários sem um link. A formulação de um significado único, que poderia explicar todos os contextos do uso e não uso de perfeitos, é impossível para nós. Presumivelmente, o perfeito transmite um certo complexo de significados subjetivamente coloridos, conectados, por um lado, com o isolamento emocionalmente expressivo de uma ação ou um evento e, por outro lado, com uma evidência ou com uma referência a uma informação / fonte conhecida

Язык древнеславянской проповеди: неординарность глагольной морфологии в гомилиях Кирилла Туровского

The article’s subject matter—verbs functioning in the sermons of the Old Russian church writer Cyril Turovskij (second half of the 12th century)—is considered in details for the first time on the basis of the earliest source, Tolstovskij Sbornik (second half of the 13th century). Since Cyril’s sermons were addressed to a wide range of listeners and readers they had to be based on intelligible and simple language forms that also preserved a connection with literary standards. This manifested itself in the significant Russification of the preaching language. The article describes the following features of the language of Cyril’s sermons: the earliest and widespread usage of “praesens historicum”; the exclusive usage of aorist forms with additional endings (načętъ type); the special functional and syntactic nature of the aorist rěšę; the unusually wide usage of 2 Sg. aorist and imperfect forms; the usage of perfective imperfect forms and imperfects with additional endings; the prospective future tense and modal functioning of the paraphrastic forms with the auxiliary verb xoščè; special cases of 1 Pl. imperatives usage; the special character of the reflexive enclitic sę; and the extraordinary distribution of periphrastic preterits forms. Some similarity of verbs functioning in Cyril’s homilies and The Tale of Igor’s Campaign is detected as well as in the original Chronicle, early Old Russian translations, and Paroemiarion.В статье впервые подробно рассматривается функционирование ряда глагольных словоформ в проповедях древнерусского церковного писателя второй половины XII века Кирилла Туровского по самой ранней рукописи, в которой они сохранились, — Толстовскому сборнику второй половины XIII века. Поскольку проповеди Кирилла Туровского обращены к широкому кругу слушателей и читателей, они должны были опираться на понятные и привычные языковые формы, сохраняя вместе с тем связь с книжной литературой. Это проявилось в значительной русификации книжного языка. В статье выявлены такие особенности языка проповедей Кирилла Туровского, как наиболее ранние случаи широкого использования настоящего исторического; исключительное употребление аористов с дополнительным окончанием типа начатъ; особый функциональный и синтаксический характер употребления аориста рѣша; необычно широкое употребление аористов и имперфектов во 2-м лице единственного числа; употребление перфективных имперфектов и имперфектов с дополнительным окончанием; проспективное, футуральное и модальное функционирование перефрастических форм со вспомогательным глаголом хощю; особые случаи использования словоформ императива первого лица множественного числа; особый характер рефлексивной энклитики -ся; неординарная дистрибуция форм сложных претеритов. Отмечается близость функционирования ряда глагольных словоформ в проповедях Кирилла Туровского и в “Слове о полку Игореве”, а также в начальной летописи, раннедревнерусских переводах и паримейнике

OLD RUSSIAN APOSTOLUS FROM THE XIV th CENTURY: THE MANUSCRIPT HISTORY AND DIALECTAL FEATURES

Abstract. The article presents the research of an Old Russian copy of Apostolos (Tolstovskii Apostolus,National Library of Russia, Q.p.I.5) yet recently dated by the end of the 13 th – the 14 th century. The codex stands out among other Old Russian written sources having a unique structure. It represents a full-text version (the continuous text type) of the Preslav recension. An online edition of the manuscript was accomplished at Kazan Federal University. This machine-readable publication is accompanied by various search modules and indexes and located on the “Kazan digital collection” page of the “Manuscript” portal. Recently, a hypothesis of the same provenance of this Apostolus and the Onega Psalter (precisely dated by 1395) has emerged. Besides, it is assumed that both manuscripts were produced at a Moscow scriptorium. The article critically examines these hypotheses describing the manuscripts’ history and comparing their handwritings, orthographic systems, and decoration. The study presents an analysis of regionalcharacteristics of Tolstovskii Apostolus, which confirm its north-western origin and root relations with the book culture of the 14 th century. The analysis of the linguistic parameters of both codices was undertaken for the first time.Key words: Old Russian, book culture, continuous Apostolos, manuscript history, dialectal features

Лингвостатистическое исследование частотных слов в Словах Кирилла Туровского (по рукописи РНБ, F.п.I.39)

The authors have studied quantitative and statistical qualities of the most frequent words in sermons of Kirill of Turov, contained in the Tolstoy Collection from the 13th century (NLR, F.п.I.39).In the course of three experiments, firstly, formal distinctions were found between the list and the corresponding copies from 8 contrasting sub-corpora, them being: 11th–14th century copies of the May Menaea, other months’ Minaea, Sticheraria, Gospels, The Book of Psalms, chronicles, the Apostolos, and the Parenesis of Ephrem the Syrian; the last two appear to be the most similar to the list. Secondly, using Log-Likelihood, TF*ICTF' and Weirdness statistical tools, statistically meaningful words were found out, and a partial overlap in the forms under study appeared between the texts of Kirill and several of the sub-corpora. Thirdly, by comparing ranks of each of the forms, the closeness of the Tolstoy Collection texts and sub-corpora of different genres was estimated, and it was shown that original sermons of Kirill of Turov and translations of the teaching sermons of Ephrem the Syrian and of the Apostolos are closest to each other in terms of statistical significance of 15 most frequent forms.For the first time, the configurations of the most significant lexemes in the sub-corpora were found out. Also for the first time, their list was found to be similar in the sub-corpora of Kirill of Turov’s sermons and of the Apostolos, as well as (partially) of the Parenesis, The Book of Psalms and the chronicles. High-rank units in the sermons of Kirill of Turov (нъ, о, бо, съ) were described in terms of linguistics, of genre and style, and of discursive pragmatics.The work was made using the transcriptions from the historical corpus “Manuscript” (manuscripts.ru). DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.1.2Рассмотрены количественные и статистические свойства наиболее частотных слов проповедей Кирилла Туровского Толстовского сборника XIII в. (РНБ, F.п.I.39). В ходе трех экспериментов (1) были установлены формальные отличия перечня от соответствующих списков 8 контрастных подкорпусов (списков XI‒XIV вв. майских миней, миней на другие месяцы года, стихирарей, Евангелий, Псалтыри, летописей, Апостола, Паренесиса Ефрема Сирина) и выявлена бóльшая близость с двумя последними; (2) с помощью статистических мер Log-Likelihood, TF*ICTF' и Weirdness найдены статистически значимые слова и выявлено частичное совпадение исследуемых форм текстов Кирилла Туровского и нескольких контрастных подкорпусов; (3) с помощью сопоставления рангов каждой из форм осуществлена оценка степени близости текстов Толстовского сборника и разножанровых подкорпусов и показано, что наиболее близкими друг другу с точки зрения статистической значимости 15 наиболее частотных форм являются оригинальные тексты проповедей Кирилла Туровского, переводные тексты наставлений Ефрема Сирина и списков Апостола. Впервые выявлены конфигурации наиболее значимых лексем в подкорпусах и установлено сходство в их составе в подкорпусах проповедей Кирилла Туровского и Апостола, а также частично Паренесиса, Псалтыри и летописей. Дана лингвистическая, жанрово-стилистическая и дискурсивно-прагматическая характеристика высокоранговых единиц в проповедях Кирилла Туровского (нъ, о, бо, съ).Работа выполнена на материале транскрипций исторического корпуса «Манускрипт» (manuscripts.ru). DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.1.

Old Slavic Sermon Language: The Extraordinary Nature of Verb Morphology in Cyril Turovskij’s Homilies

The article’s subject matter—verbs functioning in the sermons of the Old Russian church writer Cyril Turovskij (second half of the 12th century)—is considered in details for the first time on the basis of the earliest source, Tolstovskij Sbornik (second half of the 13th century). Since Cyril’s sermons were addressed to a wide range of listeners and readers they had to be based on intelligible and simple language forms that also preserved a connection with literary standards. This manifested itself in the significant Russification of the preaching language. The article describes the following features of the language of Cyril’s sermons: the earliest and widespread usage of “praesens historicum”; the exclusive usage of aorist forms with additional endings (načętъ type); the special functional and syntactic nature of the aorist rěšę; the unusually wide usage of 2 Sg. aorist and imperfect forms; the usage of perfective imperfect forms and imperfects with additional endings; the prospective future tense and modal functioning of the paraphrastic forms with the auxiliary verb xoščè; special cases of 1 Pl. imperatives usage; the special character of the reflexive enclitic sę; and the extraordinary distribution of periphrastic preterits forms. Some similarity of verbs functioning in Cyril’s homilies and The Tale of Igor’s Campaign is detected as well as in the original Chronicle, early Old Russian translations, and Paroemiarion

Quantification Contrasts of tvoriti – sъtvoriti Verbs and Their Synonyms in Old East Slavic Sources (Based on the “Manuscript” Historical Corpus)

The article presents the first attempt to describe the quantification contrasts of verbs belonging to lexical series dělati – sъdělati, dějati – sъdějati, tvoriti – sъtvoriti. Quantification is understood as a quantitative measurement of qualitative characteristics, namely grammatical parameters of lexical units. The research is based on the “Manuscript” historical corpus. For the analysis, the author selects the Gospels and Chronicles subcorpora; birchbark letters data are also involved. The author discovers that the named verb pairs express the aspectual meaning as long as they are represented by identical lexical meanings. The entire lexical range is related by synonymy. Secondary imperfectivation led to the series expansion with three more lexemes: sъdělovati, sъděvati, sъtvarjati. The quantification results demonstrate a group of contrasting correlations: a quantitative predominance of the verb pair tvoriti – sъtvoriti; a larger quantitative weight of the perfective verb, unlike the other two verb pairs; a notice- able quantitative predominance of Present forms, primarily from imperfective verbs in the Gospels; a significant predominance of perfective Aorist forms, and so on. The contrasting relations reveal the discursive features of texts, as well as the special role of the tvoriti – sъtvoriti verbs in expressing predication and substitution. The replacement of the tvoriti verb with the dělati verb is first noticed in the Suzdal Chronicle

Peculiarities of the half-part counting system in Old Russian

The article deals with the investigation of the half-part counting system in Old Russian. The half-part counting system is an Indo-European dialectism. In Old Russian it is constituted the word *polъ ‘half’ and the ordinal numeral in the genitive. The ordinal numeral in this case signified the anterior to the mentioned number of units. The article proves that the indefinite and definite forms of the ordinal numeral were strictly differentiated, not as the indefinite and definite forms of adjectives, which the ordinal numerals erroneosly identified with. In the half-part quantitative only indefinite (nominal) forms of the numerals were used, and in other cases only definite forms were used. The half-part quantitative had being preserved in Old Russian sources of different styles and genres. The changes in it began in the late Old Russian period and they showed themselves in the influence of other compositive numerals