Peran Daya Dukung Wilayah Terhadap Pengembangan USAha Peternakan Sapi Madura

Research conducted on the island of Madura. The aim of the research was analyzed the area-based development of beef cattle in Madura island. Primary research data was sourced from statistics in the Madura district in figures. Data was analyzed using Location Quotient (LQ) method. Data procesing conducted whith spreadsheet from Excel on Microsoft Windows 7. The results showed that the basis for the development of Madura cattle each regency were Pamekasan (sub-district Larangan, Pasean, Batumamar, Palengan, Proppo, Tlanakan, and Pegantenan), Sumenep (sub-district Gayam, Nonggunong and Batuputih), Bangkalan (subdistrict Kokop, Geger, Galis, Tanah Merah, and Blega) and Bangkalan (sub-district Ketapang, Sokobanah, Kedungdung, Sampang, Banyuates, Robatal, and Omben. Conclusion of the research was the development of Madura cattle concentrated in the base region of Madura cattle

Additional file 8: Table S4. of AFEAP cloning: a precise and efficient method for large DNA sequence assembly

PCR thermocycling conditions. (DOCX 13 kb

Additional file 6: of AFEAP cloning: a precise and efficient method for large DNA sequence assembly

Supporting Information. (DOCX 32 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of AFEAP cloning: a precise and efficient method for large DNA sequence assembly

Comparisons of AFEAP cloning with common DNA assembly methods. (DOCX 23 kb

Additional file 9: Table S5. of AFEAP cloning: a precise and efficient method for large DNA sequence assembly

PCR product reannealing conditions. (DOCX 14 kb

Additional file 4: Figure S2. of AFEAP cloning: a precise and efficient method for large DNA sequence assembly

Sequencing validation of number of fragments characterization. The join sites were shown as S1 to S13, and number of fragments for assembly was shown as 2 + V to 12 + V. The overhang sequences were shown. V: vector backbone. (DOCX 11884 kb

Additional file 5: Figure S3. of AFEAP cloning: a precise and efficient method for large DNA sequence assembly

Sequencing validation of plasmid sizes characterization. Five join sites are S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5. (a) 11.5 kb plasmid; (b) 19.6 kb plasmid; (c) 28 kb plasmid; (d) 34.6 kb plasmid. The overhang sequences were shown. (DOCX 3815 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of AFEAP cloning: a precise and efficient method for large DNA sequence assembly

Primers used in this work. (DOCX 32 kb

The heterotrimeric G protein г <i>Stgg1</i> is required for conidiation, secondary metabolite production and pathogenicity of <i>Setosphaeria turcica</i>

<p>Heterotrimeric G proteins are best known for their role in the transduction of extracellular signals to various downstream effectors. G proteins in higher eukaryotes are intensively studied; however, their roles in foliar pathogens are still elusive. In this study, we cloned the gene <i>Stgg1</i> encoding G protein γ subunit in <i>Setosphaeria turcica</i> and investigated its function by RNA interference technology. Three independent <i>Stgg1</i> targeted RNAi mutants R3, R5 and R6 with diverse silencing efficiency were generated. Knock-down of <i>Stgg1</i> resulted in a significant reduction in mRNA levels of the genes encoding Gα (<i>Stga1</i>, <i>Stga2</i>, <i>Stga3</i>) but not for Gβ (<i>Stgb1</i>). <i>Stgg1</i> RNAi mutants exhibited significantly elongated hyphal cells with blocked conidium production. In addition, <i>Stgg1</i> RNAi mutants all appeared in lighter colony colour compatible with inhibited secondary metabolites. Further assays demonstrated that <i>Stgg1</i> was required for biosynthesis of melanin and HT-toxin activity. Furthermore, down-regulation of <i>Stgg1</i> largely inhibited the inflection capacity. Thus, we proposed that <i>Stgg1</i> played crucial roles in conidiation, secondary metabolite production and pathogenicity of <i>S. turcica</i> and is, therefore, an ideal target for drug design against foliar pathogens.</p

Image_2_StRAB4 gene is required for filamentous growth, conidial development, and pathogenicity in Setosphaeria turcica.pdf

Setosphaeria turcica, the fungal pathogen responsible for northern corn leaf blight in maize, forms specialized infectious structures called appressoria that are critical for fungal penetration of maize epidermal cells. The Rab family of proteins play a crucial role in the growth, development, and pathogenesis of many eukaryotic species. Rab4, in particular, is a key regulator of endocytosis and vesicle trafficking, essential for filamentous growth and successful infection by other fungal pathogens. In this study, we silenced StRAB4 in S. turcica to gain a better understanding the function of Rab4 in this plant pathogen. Phenotypically, the mutants exhibited a reduced growth rate, a significant decline in conidia production, and an abnormal conidial morphology. These phenotypes indicate that StRab4 plays an instrumental role in regulating mycelial growth and conidial development in S. turcica. Further investigations revealed that StRab4 is a positive regulator of cell wall integrity and melanin secretion. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes highlighted primary enrichments in peroxisome pathways, oxidoreductase and catalytic activities, membrane components, and cell wall organization processes. Collectively, our findings emphasize the significant role of StRab4 in S. turcica infection and pathogenicity in maize and provide valuable insights into fungal behavior and disease mechanisms.</p