Computation Tree Logic Model Checking of Multi-Agent Systems Based on Fuzzy Epistemic Interpreted Systems

Model checking is an automated formal verification method to verify whether epistemic multi-agent systems adhere to property specifications. Although there is an extensive literature on qualitative properties such as safety and liveness, there is still a lack of quantitative and uncertain property verifications for these systems. In uncertain environments, agents must make judicious decisions based on subjective epistemic. To verify epistemic and measurable properties in multi-agent systems, this paper extends fuzzy computation tree logic by introducing epistemic modalities and proposing a new Fuzzy Computation Tree Logic of Knowledge (FCTLK). We represent fuzzy multi-agent systems as distributed knowledge bases with fuzzy epistemic interpreted systems. In addition, we provide a transformation algorithm from fuzzy epistemic interpreted systems to fuzzy Kripke structures, as well as transformation rules from FCTLK formulas to Fuzzy Computation Tree Logic (FCTL) formulas. Accordingly, we transform the FCTLK model checking problem into the FCTL model checking. This enables the verification of FCTLK formulas by using the fuzzy model checking algorithm of FCTL without additional computational overheads. Finally, we present correctness proofs and complexity analyses of the proposed algorithms. Additionally, we further illustrate the practical application of our approach through an example of a train control system

Research and application of maximum surface subsidence model under the condition of repeated mining in weakly cemented strata

The characteristics of surface subsidence under the condition of repeated mining in weakly cemented strata are of great significance to the safe and efficient mining and ecological restoration of coal resources in weakly cemented mining areas in western China. Theoretical analysis, similar simulation, numerical simulation and field monitoring are used to study the migration law of overlying strata and surface subsidence model under repeated mining conditions in weakly cemented strata, and the model is applied in engineering. The bulking characteristics of weakly cemented rock and the influence mechanism of repeated mining overburden strata movement on surface subsidence are discussed through theoretical analysis. The ‘maximum surface subsidence model under the condition of repeated mining in weakly cemented strata’ is established. There is a linear relationship between the bulking coefficient of weakly cemented rock, the mining thickness of lower coal and the maximum surface subsidence of weakly cemented strata. Through similar simulation and numerical simulation, the characteristics of repeated mining overburden and surface subsidence in weakly cemented strata are analyzed. The research results show that the development law of the separation height of the initial mining and repeated mining of the weakly cemented strata is basically the same, and both show a step-like rise. The surface subsidence curve of repeated mining is asymmetrically distributed, and the maximum subsidence value is biased towards the side of open cut. The maximum development height of overlying strata, the maximum surface subsidence value and the surface subsidence coefficient after initial mining and repeated mining are given. The established maximum surface subsidence model is used to predict the maximum surface subsidence value on site. The predicted value of the maximum surface subsidence model is similar to the measured value on site during the mining process of the working face, which verifies the rationality of the ' maximum surface subsidence model under the condition of repeated mining of weakly cemented strata '. At the same time, the predicted value of the maximum surface subsidence after the mining of the working face can provide a reference for the actual work on site

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

A chemical model for the solubility of Friedel's salt (FS, 3CaO center dot Al2O3 center dot CaCl2 center dot 10H(2)O) was developed. The model was built with the help of the OLI platform via regression of experimental solubility data for FS in the Na-OH-CI-NO3-H2O systems. The solubility of FS in water was measured using a batch nickel autoclave over the temperature range of 20-200 degrees C, and the solubility product of FS (log(10) K-sp was obtained. It was found that the solubility of FS in water shows a maximum value as a function of temperature. The solubility of ES in 0-5 mol/L NaOH and 0-2.5 mol/L NaCl solutions was found to decrease with increasing NaOH and NaCl concentrations, because of the common ion effect; however, in 0-2.5 mol/L NaNO3 solutions, it was found to increase because of complexation. During the regression analysis, it was found that CaOH+ plays an important role in solubility modeling, and its dissociation constant was determined by an empirical equation. New Bromley-Zemaitis activity coefficient model parameters for the Ca2+-OH, CaOH+-0H(-), and CaCl+-OH- ion pairs were also regressed, using the experimental solubility data generated in the present study. The new model was shown to successfully predict the solubility of FS in mixed NaOH + NaNO3 solutions not used in model parametrization. With the aid of the newly developed model, the concentration and temperature effects on calcium species distribution were analyzed.A chemical model for the solubility of Friedel's salt (FS, 3CaO center dot Al2O3 center dot CaCl2 center dot 10H(2)O) was developed. The model was built with the help of the OLI platform via regression of experimental solubility data for FS in the Na-OH-CI-NO3-H2O systems. The solubility of FS in water was measured using a batch nickel autoclave over the temperature range of 20-200 degrees C, and the solubility product of FS (log(10) K-sp was obtained. It was found that the solubility of FS in water shows a maximum value as a function of temperature. The solubility of ES in 0-5 mol/L NaOH and 0-2.5 mol/L NaCl solutions was found to decrease with increasing NaOH and NaCl concentrations, because of the common ion effect; however, in 0-2.5 mol/L NaNO3 solutions, it was found to increase because of complexation. During the regression analysis, it was found that CaOH+ plays an important role in solubility modeling, and its dissociation constant was determined by an empirical equation. New Bromley-Zemaitis activity coefficient model parameters for the Ca2+-OH, CaOH+-0H(-), and CaCl+-OH- ion pairs were also regressed, using the experimental solubility data generated in the present study. The new model was shown to successfully predict the solubility of FS in mixed NaOH + NaNO3 solutions not used in model parametrization. With the aid of the newly developed model, the concentration and temperature effects on calcium species distribution were analyzed

Aiche J.

A new process of Al2O3 production from low-grade diasporic bauxite based on the reactive silica dissolution and stabilization in concentrated NaOH-NaAl(OH)4 solutions is proposed and proved feasible. NaOH and Al2O3 concentrations and leaching temperature were found to be the main factors affecting the leaching process of reactive silica. The A/S (mass ratio of Al2O3/SiO2) of diasporic bauxite was enhanced from 5.4 to 15 by reactive silica removal under the optimum operation conditions. Two obvious steps control the whole leaching process of reactive silica in NaOH-NaAl(OH)4 media: reactive silica dissolution and desilication products (DSPs) precipitation. The kinetics data of two controlling steps fit a shrinking core model based on the calculation of OH- activity with the aid of OLI platform and an empirical kinetic model well, respectively. Apparent activation energies of reactive silica leaching in the temperature range from 80 to 110 degrees C are 101.91 and 58.65 kJ mol-1 for the two steps, respectively. The stabilization mechanism of reactive silica in concentrated NaOH-NaAl(OH)4 solution was also elucidated based on the complexation of aluminum-bearing species and the calculation of supersaturation to DSP. It was found that the concentration of OH- sharply decreases due to the formation of Al(OH)?4- species with increasing aluminum concentration, suppressing greatly DSP precipitation. This proposed process paves the way for Al2O3 production from low-grade diasporic bauxite with high-reactive silica content. (C) 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012A new process of Al2O3 production from low-grade diasporic bauxite based on the reactive silica dissolution and stabilization in concentrated NaOH-NaAl(OH)4 solutions is proposed and proved feasible. NaOH and Al2O3 concentrations and leaching temperature were found to be the main factors affecting the leaching process of reactive silica. The A/S (mass ratio of Al2O3/SiO2) of diasporic bauxite was enhanced from 5.4 to 15 by reactive silica removal under the optimum operation conditions. Two obvious steps control the whole leaching process of reactive silica in NaOH-NaAl(OH)4 media: reactive silica dissolution and desilication products (DSPs) precipitation. The kinetics data of two controlling steps fit a shrinking core model based on the calculation of OH- activity with the aid of OLI platform and an empirical kinetic model well, respectively. Apparent activation energies of reactive silica leaching in the temperature range from 80 to 110 degrees C are 101.91 and 58.65 kJ mol-1 for the two steps, respectively. The stabilization mechanism of reactive silica in concentrated NaOH-NaAl(OH)4 solution was also elucidated based on the complexation of aluminum-bearing species and the calculation of supersaturation to DSP. It was found that the concentration of OH- sharply decreases due to the formation of Al(OH)?4- species with increasing aluminum concentration, suppressing greatly DSP precipitation. This proposed process paves the way for Al2O3 production from low-grade diasporic bauxite with high-reactive silica content. (C) 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 201

Synthesis, Characterization and Formation Mechanism of Friedel's Salt (FS: 3CaO center dot Al2O3 center dot CaCl2 center dot 10H(2)O) by the Reaction of Calcium Chloride with Sodium ithuninate

The synthesis of Friedel&#39;s salt (FS: 3CaO center dot Al2O3 center dot CaCl2 center dot 10H(2)O) by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate was investigated. Factors affecting the preparation of Friedel&#39;s salt, such as reaction temperature, initial concentration, titration speed, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio were studied in detail. XRD, SEM images and particle size distribution show that the reaction temperature, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio have significant effect on the composition, crystal morphology, and average particle size of the obtained samples. In addition, the initial CaCl2 concentration and NaAlO2 titration speed do not significantly influence the morphology and particle sue distribution of Friedel&#39;s salt. With the optimization of the operating conditions, the crystals can grow up to a average size of about 28 mu m, showing flat hexagonal (or pseudohexagonal) crystal morphology. Moreover, two potential mechanisms of Friedel&#39;s salt formation including adsorption mechanism and anion-exchange mechanism were discussed. In the &#39;adsorption mechanism, Frieders salt fonus due to the adsorption of the bulk Cl- ions present in the solution into the interlayers of the principal layers, [Ca2Al(OH-)(6)center dot 2H(2)O](+), in order to balance the charge. In the anion-exchange mechanism, the freechloride ions bind with the AFm (a family of hydrated compounds found in cement) hydrates to form Friedel&#39;s salt by anion-exchange with the ions present in the interlayers of the principal layer, [Ca2Al(OH-)(6)center dot 2H(2)O](+)-OH-.</p

Desilication of synthetic Bayer liquor with calcium sulfate dihydrate: Kinetics and modelling

The desilication kinetics of synthetic Bayer liquor by use of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O) was studied experimentally and modelled mathematically. Temperature, initial silica concentration, and the dosage of CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O were found to be the main factors affecting desilication reaction. CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O was proved to remove up to 95% silica from sodium aluminate solution under the optimum operation conditions. A surface integration kinetic model, assuming that the desilication process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetics, was developed and successfully model the experiment data of desilication process via CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O at the range of operating conditions investigated. An activation energy of 52 kJ/mol was estimated for the desilication process with CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O over the temperature of 80-100 degrees C. The desilication reaction products (DSP) were analyzed by XRD and SEM, and found to be mainly Hauyne (3Na(2)O center dot 2CaSO(4)center dot 3Al(2)O(3)center dot 6SiO(2)) and Lazurite (3Na(2)O center dot CaSO4 center dot 0.5Na(2)SO(4)center dot 3Al(2)O(3)center dot 6SiO(2)). The final sulfate concentration in the liquor after desilication with CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O was similar to 0.021 g/L. (C)0 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Structural vibration mitigation via an inertial amplification mechanism based absorber

This paper proposes a novel passive vibration control system, namely the Inertial Amplification Mechanismbased Absorber (IAM-A), to mitigate unwanted structural vibrations. With the help of the H2 and H∞ optimization methods, closed-form formulas for the design parameters of the proposed IAM-A are obtained. Parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the influence of the design parameters on the vibration mitigation performance of the proposed IAM-A. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to validate the efficiency of the IAM-A. For comparison, time history analyses of a structure with IAM-A, with TMD, and without control under earthquake ground motions are performed. Numerical results confirm that dynamic responses of the primary structure are suppressed when the TMD is introduced. But, the relative displacement responses between the primary structure and the absorber are relatively large. The proposed IAM-A outperforms the TMD. With respect to those of the TMD, dynamic responses of the primary structure with the proposed IAM-A are further suppressed. More importantly, the large relative displacement response of the absorber is reduced by more than half