Impacts of gravitational-wave standard siren observation of the Einstein Telescope on weighing neutrinos in cosmology

We investigate the impacts of the gravitational-wave (GW) standard siren observation of the Einstein Telescope (ET) on constraining the total neutrino mass. We simulate 1000 GW events that would be observed by the ET in its 10-year observation by taking the standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmology as a fiducial model. We combine the simulated GW data with other cosmological observations including cosmic microwave background (CMB), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), and type Ia supernovae (SN). We consider three mass hierarchy cases for the neutrino mass, i.e., normal hierarchy (NH), inverted hierarchy (IH), and degenerate hierarchy (DH). Using Planck+BAO+SN, we obtain $\sum m_\nu<0.175$ eV for the NH case, $\sum m_\nu<0.200$ eV for the IH case, and $\sum m_\nu<0.136$ eV for the DH case. After considering the GW data, i.e., using Planck+BAO+SN+GW, the constraint results become $\sum m_\nu<0.151$ eV for the NH case, $\sum m_\nu<0.185$ eV for the IH case, and $\sum m_\nu<0.122$ eV for the DH case. We find that the GW data can help reduce the upper limits of $\sum m_\nu$ by 13.7%, 7.5%, and 10.3% for the NH, IH, and DH cases, respectively. In addition, we find that the GW data can also help break the degeneracies between $\sum m_{\nu}$ and other parameters. We show that the GW data of the ET could greatly improve the constraint accuracies of cosmological parameters.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Naringenin in Si-Ni-San formula inhibits chronic psychological stress-induced breast cancer growth and metastasis by modulating estrogen metabolism through FXR/EST pathway

Introduction: Chronic psychological stress is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer development. Si-Ni-San (SNS) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula prescribed to psychological disorder patients. However, its action effects, molecular mechanisms, and bioactive phytochemicals against breast cancer are not yet clear. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the modulatory mechanism and bioactive compound of SNS in regulating estrogen metabolism during breast cancer development induced by chronic psychological stress. Methods: Mouse breast cancer xenograft was used to determine the effect of SNS on breast cancer growth and metastasis. Metabolomics analysis was conducted to discover the impact of SNS on metabolic profile changes in vivo. Multiple molecular biology experiments and breast cancer xenografts were applied to verify the anti-metastatic potentials of the screened bioactive compound. Results: SNS remarkably inhibited chronic psychological stress-induced breast cancer growth and metastasis in the mouse breast cancer xenograft. Meanwhile, chronic psychological stress increased the level of cholic acid, accompanied by the elevation of estradiol. Mechanistic investigation demonstrated that cholic acid activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR) expression, which inhibited hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α)-mediated estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) transcription in hepatocytes, and finally resulting in estradiol elevation. Notably, SNS inhibited breast cancer growth by suppressing estradiol level via modulating FXR/EST signaling. Furthermore, luciferase-reporting gene assay screened naringenin as the most bioactive compound in SNS for triggering EST activity in hepatocytes. Interestingly, pharmacokinetic study revealed that naringenin had the highest absorption in the liver tissue. Following in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that naringenin inhibited stress-induced breast cancer growth and metastasis by promoting estradiol metabolism via FXR/EST signaling. Conclusion: This study not only highlights FXR/EST signaling as a crucial target in mediating stress-induced breast cancer development, but also provides naringenin as a potential candidate for breast cancer endocrine therapy via promoting estradiol metabolism

Formation and distribution of volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs in sedimentary basins of China

Volcanic hydrocarbon exploration in China has experienced three phases: accidental discovery, local prospecting, and all-round exploration. There are mainly Carboniferous-Permian, Jurassic-Cretaceous, Paleogene-Neogene volcanic rocks and lava, pyroclastics, and karst reservoirs in the oil- and gas-bearing basins in China. Volcanic rocks cannot generate organic hydrocarbons, and the combination of volcanic rocks, source rocks, and seals are the key controlling factor of the primary lava plays. The near-source play is most favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Distribution of oil and gas is controlled predominantly by the hydrocarbon generating center. The play requires communication with faults or unconformities. Near-source plays are in the faulted basins in eastern China. Structural-lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs are formed in the higher place of faults and lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs are formed on the slope. Two types of plays are developed in central and western China. The near-source play is most favorable for the formation of large stratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoirs. Key words: volcanic reservoir, eruption environment, volcano-deposition tectonic sequences, controlling factor

Genesis, classification, and evaluation method of diagenetic facies

Based on the controlling of diagenesis and diagenetic facies on reservoir development, this article discusses the formation, classification, and evaluation of diagenetic facies and its application and significance in petroleum exploration. For constructive diagenetic facies such as clastic rock, carbonate rock, and igneous rock, eight kinds of genetic mechanisms are developed, including dissolution of organic acid, dolomitization, and so on. Nine constructive diagenetic facies and seven destructive diagenetic facies are classified. A naming scheme for diagenetic facies is proposed reflecting lithology, diagenesis, porosity, and permeability, that is, “porosity and permeability level + rock type + diagenesis type”. Diagenetic facies are evaluated synthetically and quantitatively on the basis of sedimentary facies, log facies, seismic facies, rock cores, and thin sections, and “four steps” and “superposition of three charts” are put forward as the methods of evaluation and mapping. Favored reservoirs, “sweet spots”, and lithostratigraphic traps can be predicted according to the distribution of different types of diagenetic facies. The development of the study on diagenetic facies is also discussed in the article. Key words: diagenetic facies, formation mechanism, classification and naming, evaluation method, petroleum exploration, diagenetic stud