Investigation of the effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic field on the lifespan of the red blood cells in vitro

In recent years, studies have indicated that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may have harmful effects on human health. The effects on human health of the 50 Hz extremely low frequency EMF (ELF-EMF), which is often used in daily life, are still controversial. In our study, we investigated the in vitro effects of 50 Hz ELF-EMF on the lifespan of erythrocytes, which have no nucleus and organelles, and are therefore relatively more sensitive compared to other cells in the body to any harmful effect that may come from outside. Whole blood obtained from healthy volunteers was exposed to 50 Hz, 0.3 mT ELF-EMF over 35 days. After this time, erythrocytes (red blood cell, RBC) counts in blood, hematocrit (HCT) value, main corpuscular volume (MCV), and erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF), an indicator of aging, were examined. At the end of 35 days, RBC and HCT were decreased while MCV and EOF were increased in the blood samples of both the EMF-exposed group and the non-exposed group. However, while there were no statistically significant changes in terms of RBC counts, and HCT between the two groups, it was observed that MCV and EOF increased significantly less in the EMF-exposed group compared to the non-exposed group. These results suggest that 50 Hz ELF-EMF exposure does not affect the lifespan of erythrocytes in vitro, but it may extend erythrocytes’ lifecycles due to a reduction in osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes in in vivo conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.444733

Is there a relationship between age and side dominance of tubal ectopic pregnancies? – A preliminary report

Objectives: To determine whether there exists a relationship between age and side dominance of tubal ectopic pregnancies. Material and Methods: One hundred twenty patients were retrospectively analyzed. The sides of the tubal ectopic pregnancies were recorded on the basis of laparoscopy or laparotomy findings. Five age groups were created: 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and ≥40 years. Results: Of the patients who were ≥ 30 years of age, 46 (69%) and 21 (31%) had tubal ectopic pregnancies on the right and left sides, respectively (p=0.002). In the 35-39 years of age group, 17 of 20 patients (85%) had tubal ectopic pregnancies on the right, and 3 of 20 patients (15%) on the left side (p=0.002). In the 30-34 years of age group, 26 of 39 patients (67%) and 13 of 39 patients (33%) had tubal ectopic pregnancies on the right and left sides, respectively (p=0.037). In the ≥ 40 years of age group, 3 of 8 patients (37%) had tubal ectopic pregnancy on the right side, while 5 patients (63%) on the left side (p=0.48). Conclusions: Patients who are between the age of 30-40 years have a right-sided dominance of tubal ectopic pregnancy, however studies that involve larger numbers of subjects are needed to make definitive conclusions about women older than 40 years of age

Matematiksel İspatların Ortaokul Matematik Ders Kitaplarındaki Yeri

İspat kavramının matematik eğitimindeki yeri ve önemi son yıllarda yapılan eğitim reformlarının açıkça belirttiği “matematiksel ispatların ana okuldan lise son sınıfa kadar matematik derslerinin önemli bir parçası olmalıdır” yönündeki önerisi ile vurgulanmaktadır. Ders kitap inceleme çalışmaları ise ders kitapları ile güncel reform önerilerinin aynı doğrultuda olmadığını kanıtlar niteliktedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı matematiksel ispat etkinliklerinin ortaokul 5, 6, 7 ve 8. sınıf matematik ders kitaplarında hangi sıklıkla yer bulduğunu araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından yayınlanan Tokat ili bölgesinde 5, 6, 7 ve 8. sınıf matematik derslerinde kullanılan kitaplarda yer alan ispat etkinlikleri incelenmiştir. Seçilen ders kitapları en az iki kodlayıcı tarafından iki aşamada kodlanmıştır. Birinci aşamada ders kitaplarında yer alan örnek, problem, etkinlik, uygulama ve değerlendirme soru sayları belirlenirken; ikinci aşamada ise muhakeme-ve-ispat etkinlikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın bulgularına göre ortaokul ders materyallerinde yer alan toplamda incelenen 2831 matematiksel aktiviteden sadece 177 (% 6) aktivitenin muhakeme-ve-ispat etkinliği olma özelliği taşıdığı görülmüştür. Ders materyallerinde yer alan muhakeme-ve-ispat etkinliklerinden 80 (% 45) aktivitenin ispat olmayan argüman özelliği taşırken sadece 18 (% 10) aktivitenin ispat olma özelliği taşıdığı bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular ışığında ders kitaplarında yer alan muhakeme-ve-ispat etkinliklerinin sayısı güncel eğitim reformlarının ve matematik eğitimcilerinin önerileri ile uyuşmadığı görülmüştür

Determination of seed yield and quality parameters in barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) varieties growing conditions of the mediterranean

Akdeniz iklim kuşağında üretilen arpanın büyük bir bölümü hayvan yemi olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Buna karşın arpa çeşitlerinde tanenin kapsamlı besin değerlerinin belirlendiği fazlaca çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma arpa tanesinin besin değerlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla Aydın koşullarında 2013 ve 2014 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada materyal olarak Akhisar98, Vamıkhoca98, Hilal ve Sancak arpa çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Tek başakta tane verimi (TBV), başakta tane sayısı (BTS), bin tane ağırlığı (BTA), tanede protein oranı, tanede nişasta oranı, tanede yağ oranı, tanede kül oranı ve tanede selüloz oranı değerleri ölçülmüştür. Tek başakta tane verimi 1.10 g – 3.68 g aralığında ve başakta tane sayısı değeri ise 20.17 – 71.60 aralığında ölçülmüştür. Bin tane ağırlığı değeri 39.12 g – 70.36 g aralığında hesaplanmıştır. Tanede protein oranı %10.31 – %12.05 aralığında, tanede nişasta oranı %42.00 – %53.38, tanede yağ oranı %1.58 - %1.85, tanede kül oranı %2.54 - %2.72 ve tanede selüloz oranı %6.68 – %9.06 aralığında olduğu ölçülmüştür. Çalışmanın ilk yılında tek başakta tane verimi, başakta tane sayısı ve bazı tane kalite parametreleri (Tanede protein oranı, tanede kül ve yağ oranı) ikinci yıldan düşük bulunmuştur. Hilal çeşidi en yüksek tek başakta tane verimi, bin tane ağırlığı ve tanede nişasta oranı değerleri ile öne çıkmıştır. Buna ek olarak çeşit düşük selüloz oranı ile yem kalitesini artırabileceğini göstermiştir.Although the large part of barley produced in Mediterranean conditions is considered as animal feed, a large number of studies about grain nutritional value haven't been done comprehensively so far. This study was carried out in Aydın location in Turkey in 2013 and 2014 in order to find out the nutritional values of the grain. In this research, Akhisar98, Vamıkhoca98, Hilal and Sancak barley cultivars were used as the material of this study. Grain yields per spike, numbers of grain per spike, 1000 grain weight, and protein rates of grain, starch rates of grain, oil rates of grain, ash rates of grain and cellulose rates of grain were measured. According to average result in two years' grain yield per spike and numbers of grain per spike were measured as the ranges between 1.10 g – 3.68 g and 20.17 – 71.60 respectively. 1000 grain weight between 39.12 g – 70.36 g. protein rates of grain, starch rates of grain, oil rates of grain, ash rates of grain and cellulose rates of grain were measured as the following ranges; %10.31 – %12.05, %42.00 – %53.38, %1.58 - %1.85, %2.54 - %2.72 and %6.68 – %9.06 respectively However, grain yield per spike, numbers of grain per spike and some quality parameters such as grain protein rates, grain ASH rates and grain oil rates were measured much lower in the first year than those measured in the second year in this study. Hilal barley cultivar came forward by giving the highest grain yield per spike, 1000 grain weight and starch rates of grain. In addition to, the cultivar gave the lowest cellulose rate of grain when measured in this experiment. As a result, it is suggested that the cultivar could be increased by feed quality

Use of aromatherapy in recent history and today

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Investigation of the effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic field on the lifespan of the red blood cells in vitro

In recent years, studies have indicated that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may have harmful effects on human health. The effects on human health of the 50 Hz extremely low frequency EMF (ELF-EMF), which is often used in daily life, are still controversial. In our study, we investigated the in vitro effects of 50 Hz ELF-EMF on the lifespan of erythrocytes, which have no nucleus and organelles, and are therefore relatively more sensitive compared to other cells in the body to any harmful effect that may come from outside. Whole blood obtained from healthy volunteers was exposed to 50 Hz, 0.3 mT ELF-EMF over 35 days. After this time, erythrocytes (red blood cell, RBC) counts in blood, hematocrit (HCT) value, main corpuscular volume (MCV), and erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF), an indicator of aging, were examined. At the end of 35 days, RBC and HCT were decreased while MCV and EOF were increased in the blood samples of both the EMF-exposed group and the non-exposed group. However, while there were no statistically significant changes in terms of RBC counts, and HCT between the two groups, it was observed that MCV and EOF increased significantly less in the EMF-exposed group compared to the non-exposed group. These results suggest that 50 Hz ELF-EMF exposure does not affect the lifespan of erythrocytes in vitro, but it may extend erythrocytes’ lifecycles due to a reduction in osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes in in vivo conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.444733