270 research outputs found
Irreducible representations of simple Lie algebras by differential operators
We describe a systematic method to construct arbitrary highest-weight
modules, including arbitrary finite-dimensional representations, for any finite
dimensional simple Lie algebra . The Lie algebra generators are
represented as first order differential operators in variables. All rising
generators are universal in the sense that they do not depend on
representation, the weights enter (in a very simple way) only in the
expressions for the lowering operators . We present explicit formulas
of this kind for the simple root generators of all classical Lie algebras
Thermal instability of monoalkyl esters of phthalic acid during their gas chromatographic separation
ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠ»-1,2-Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ) ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°) Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
(Π‘β-Π‘β) ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π· ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ) ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
.Monoalkyl esters of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic (phthalic) acid are the main metabolites (products of the partial hydrolysis) of dialkyl phthalates widely used as ingredients of polymeric compositions. Testing the possibilities of GC and GC-MS analysis of the simplest monoalkyl (Cβ-Cβ) esters indicates these compounds are thermally unstable and decompose in a chromatographic column during separation that may complicate their determination. The principal way of monoalkyl phthalate decomposition is similar to the known process of their pyrolysis with formation of corresponding alkanols and phthalic anhydride. It is concluded that GC analysis of these monoesters can be provided using short WCOT columns with thin layers of non-polar stationary phases at the smooth temperature ramps. It allows to reduce retention temperature of such analytes and, hence, to minimize their thermal decomposition. It is proposed that just the possibility of phthalic anhydride formation in the result of decomposition explains us high toxicity (including endocrine disruptions) of monoalkyl phthalates for mammals
Features of the gas chromatographic analysis of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² (ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.). ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
(BPX-1, RTX-5). Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π³Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ (ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Ρ), Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ). Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² - ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»- ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ².The literature data indicates that the results of gas chromatographic analysis of such low-volatile polar compounds as aliphatic dicarboxylic acids are characterized by high irreproducibility. Most of the previously published GC retention indices seem to be very spread out and appear to be erroneous. Similar irreproducibility is typical for some other physicochemical properties of these acids, namely melting temperatures, water solubility, etc. The experimental testing of the possibilities of gas chromatographic and/or GC-MS analysis of simplest dicarboxylic acids using standard non-polar polydimethylsiloxane stationary phases (BPX-1, RTX-5) has been fulfilled. It indicates that some compounds of this series (e.g., glutaric acid) are determined without decomposition, for others the interaction with solvent is typical (oxalic acid), and in some cases the single compounds observed are the products of thermal destruction (citric acid). Namely, the analysis of the solution of oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol permits us to detect two esters - monoisopropyl and diisopropyl oxalates
FEATURES OF THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ALIPHATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS
The literature data indicates that the results of gas chromatographic analysis of such low-volatile polar compounds as aliphatic dicarboxylic acids are characteriΒzed by high irreproducibility. Most of the previously published GC retention indices seem to be very spread out and appear to be erroneous. Similar irreproducibility is typical for some other physicochemical properties of these acids, namely melting temperatures, water solubility, etc. The experimental testing of the possibilities of gas chromatographic and/or GC-MS analysis of simplest dicarboxylic acids using standard non-polar polydimethylsiloxane stationary phases (BPX-1, RTX-5) has been fulfilled.Β It indicates that some comΒpoΒunds of this series (e.g., glutaric acid) are determined without decomposition, for others the interaction with solvent is typical (oxalic acid), and in some cases the single compounds observed are the products of thermal destrucΒtion (citric acid). Namely, the analysis of the solution of oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol permits us to detect two esters β monoisopropyl and diisopropyl oxalates.Keywords: Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, gas chromatographic analysis, irreproducibility, thermal decomposition(Russian)DOI: 10.15826/analitika.2015.19.1.001Β Igor G. Zenkevich,Β Lilia N. FakhretdinovaSt. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian FederationΒ Β Β Β Β Β The literature data indicates that the results of gas chromatographic analysis of such low-volatile polar compounds as aliphatic dicarboxylic acids are characteriΒzed by high irreproducibility. Most of the previously published GC retention indices seem to be very spread out and appear to be erroneous. Similar irreproducibility is typical for some other physicochemical properties of these acids, namely melting temperatures, water solubility, etc. The experimental testing of the possibilities of gas chromatographic and/or GC-MS analysis of simplest dicarboxylic acids using standard non-polar polydimethylsiloxane stationary phases (BPX-1, RTX-5) has been fulfilled.Β It indicates that some comΒpoΒunds of this series (e.g., glutaric acid) are determined without decomposition, for others the interaction with solvent is typical (oxalic acid), and in some cases the single compounds observed are the products of thermal destrucΒtion (citric acid). Namely, the analysis of the solution of oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol permits us to detect two esters β monoisopropyl and diisopropyl oxalates.Keywords: Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, gas chromatographic analysis, irreproducibility, thermal decomposition.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.1.00
Π’ΠΠ ΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠ€ΠΠ ΠΠ Π€Π’ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ’Π« Π Π£Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠ―Π₯ ΠΠΠΠΠ₯Π ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠ€ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ―
Monoalkyl esters of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic (phthalic) acid are the main metabolites (products of the partial hydrolysis) of dialkyl phthalates widely used as ingredients of polymeric compositions. Testing the possibilities of GC and GC-MS analysis of the simplest monoalkyl (C1-C7) esters indicates these compounds are thermally unstable and decompose in a chromatographic column during separation that may complicate their determination. The principal way of monoalkyl phthalate decomposition is similar to the known process of their pyrolysis with formation of corresponding alkanols and phthalic anhydride. It is concluded that GC analysis of these monoesters can be provided using short WCOT columns with thin layers of non-polar stationary phases at the smooth temperature ramps. It allows to reduce retention temperature of such analytes and, hence, to minimize their thermal decomposition. It is proposed that just the possibility of phthalic anhydride formation in the result of decomposition explains us high toxicity (including endocrine disruptions) of monoalkyl phthalates for mammals.Keywords:Β Phthalic acid monoalkyl esters, gas chromatographic analysis, thermal instability, chemical interpretation of toxicity(Russian)DOI:Β http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.2.013Β Igor G. Zenkevich,Β Lilia N. FakhretdinovaΒ St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian FederationΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±Π΅Π½ΒΠ·ΠΎΠ»-1,2-Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (ΡΡΠ°ΒΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ) ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°) Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΒΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΒΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΒΠΌΠ°ΒΡΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΒΡΒΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΒΡΠ΅ΡΒΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
(Π‘1βΠ‘7) ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΒΠΌΠΈΒΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»Π°ΒΠ³Π°ΒΡΡΡΡ Π² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΒΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΒΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΒΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΒΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΒΠ»Π΅ΒΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΒΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΒΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅ΒΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΒΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΈΒΡΠΎΒΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΒΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½ΒΠ³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΒΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΒΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΒΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π· ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΒΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΒΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΒΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π½Π°ΒΠ»ΠΈΒΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅ΒΠ΄ΠΎΒΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΒΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠΊΠ°ΒΠ·Π°ΒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½ΒΠ³ΠΈΠ΄ΒΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΒΡΡΒΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΒΡΠΎΒΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΒΠ½ΡΡ) ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΒΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΒΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
.Β ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°:Β ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΒΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΒΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΒΠΏΡΠ΅ΒΡΠ°ΒΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈDOI:Β http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.2.01
Directed energy transfer due to orientational broadenning of energy levels in photosynthetic pigment solutions
The directed non-radiative energy transfer through monomeric molecules of chlorophyll βaβ and pheophytin βaβ at high concentrations (c ~ 10β»Β²) in a rigid matrix of polyvinylbutyral has been found by using the nanosecond laser spectrofluorimeter. The phenomenon is caused by orientational broadening of pigment molecular spectra owing to its interaction with a solvent. The observed temporal shift of the luminescence spectrum to the red region in a nanosecond time scale as well as the red shift of the time integrated spectrum at a high concentration of pigment molecules and the monotonic growth of the luminescence lifetime with a shift to the red region of the spectrum served as indications of the directed energy transfer in the sample. The non-radiative energy transfer from monomeric molecules towards aggregates is also directly demonstrated by the deformation of instantaneous luminescence spectra in the long-wavelength range (Ξ» > 700 nm). The role and the possibility of the directed energy transfer between molecules with orientationally broadened spectra in the biological systems are discussed
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