Electron transport in interacting hybrid mesoscopic systems

A unified theory for the current through a nanoscale region of interacting electrons connected to two leads which can be either ferromagnet or superconductor is presented, yielding Meir-Wingreen-type formulas when applied to specific circumstances. In such a formulation, the requirement of gauge invariance for the current is satisfied automatically. Moreover, one can judge unambiguously what quantities can be measured in the transport experiment

Compact and High Performance Dual-band Bandpass Filter Using Resonator-embedded Scheme for WLANs

A compact microstrip dual-band bandpass filter (DBBPF) with high selectivity and good suppression for wireless local area networks (WLANs) is proposed utilizing a novel embedded scheme resonator. Two passbands are produced by a pair of embedded half-wavelength meandered stepped-impedance resonator (MSIR) and a quadwavelength short stub loaded stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) separately. The resonator is fed by folded Tshaped capacitive source-load coupling microstrip feed line, and four transmission zeros are obtained at both sides of the bands to improve selectivity and suppression. Simultaneously, the size of the filter is extermely compact because embedding half-wavelength MSIR only changes the interior configuration of quad-wavelength SIR. To validate the design method, the designed filter is fabricated and measured. Both simulated and measured results indicate that good transmission property has been achieved

Challenges of Primary Frequency Control and Benefits of Primary Frequency Response Support from Electric Vehicles

As the integration of wind generation displaces conventional plants, system inertia provided by rotating mass declines, causing concerns over system frequency stability. This paper implements an advanced stochastic scheduling model with inertia-dependent fast frequency response requirements to investigate the challenges on the primary frequency control in the future Great Britain electricity system. The results suggest that the required volume and the associated cost of primary frequency response increase significantly along with the increased capacity of wind plants. Alternative measures (e.g. electric vehicles) have been proposed to alleviate these concerns. Therefore, this paper also analyses the benefits of primary frequency response support from electric vehicles in reducing system operation cost, wind curtailment and carbon emissions

Expression of bgt gene in transgenic birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.)

Study on the characteristics of integration and expression is the basis of genetic stability of foreign genes in transgenic trees. To obtain insight into the relationship of transgene copy number and expression level, we screened 22 transgenic birch lines. Southern blot analysis of the transgenic birch plants indicated that the copy number of bgt varies from one to four, of which 18.2% were single copy. Copy number of bgt and gus was different in 68% of transgenic birch plants, indicating that rearrangement or partial deletion appeared in the process of T-DNA integration. Transcriptional expression of bgt gene in transgenic birch plants was analyzed by Northern blot. TGS has been found in two transgenic lines with one and four copies of bgt. The ELISA result showed that the BGT protein expression level in the transgenic birch plants ranged from 0.000 to 0.283% of total soluble protein. In contrary to most studies, this research showed no significant correlation was found between copy number and expression level of bgt gene. Effective resistance of transgenic plants against Lymantria dispar was verified in feeding bioassays with the insects. Bioassays results were mostly consistent with the expression level of BGT insecticidal protein detected by ELISA and Western blot in transgenic birch. The paper showed transgenic birch had the high lethal effect on gypsy moth larvae (L. dispar). The practicality of this work will benefit not only the birch producers, but also the environment worldwide

Generalized Darboux transformations for the KP equation with self-consistent sources

The KP equation with self-consistent sources (KPESCS) is treated in the framework of the constrained KP equation. This offers a natural way to obtain the Lax representation for the KPESCS. Based on the conjugate Lax pairs, we construct the generalized binary Darboux transformation with arbitrary functions in time $t$ for the KPESCS which, in contrast with the binary Darboux transformation of the KP equation, provides a non-auto-B\"{a}cklund transformation between two KPESCSs with different degrees. The formula for N-times repeated generalized binary Darboux transformation is proposed and enables us to find the N-soliton solution and lump solution as well as some other solutions of the KPESCS.Comment: 20 pages, no figure

Vector quantization for efficient coding of upper subbands

This paper examines the application of vector quantization (VQ) to exploit both intra-band and inter-band redundancy in subband coding. The focus here is on the exploitation of inter-band dependency. It is shown that VQ is particularly suitable and effective for coding the upper subbands. Three subband decomposition-based VQ coding schemes are proposed here to exploit the inter-band dependency by making full use of the extra flexibility of VQ approach over scalar quantization. A quadtree-based variable rate VQ (VRVQ) scheme which takes full advantage of the intra-band and inter-band redundancy is first proposed. Then, a more easily implementable alternative based on an efficient block-based edge estimation technique is employed to overcome the implementational barriers of the first scheme. Finally, a predictive VQ scheme formulated in the context of finite state VQ is proposed to further exploit the dependency among different subbands. A VRVQ scheme proposed elsewhere is extended to provide an efficient bit allocation procedure. Simulation results show that these three hybrid techniques have advantages, in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and complexity, over other existing subband-VQ approaches