37 research outputs found
Local Signal Time-Series during Rest Used for Areal Boundary Mapping in Individual Human Brains
It is widely thought that resting state functional connectivity likely reflects functional interaction among brain areas and that different functional areas interact with different sets of brain areas. A method for mapping areal boundaries has been formulated based on the large-scale spatial characteristics of regional interaction revealed by resting state functional connectivity. In the present study, we present a novel analysis for areal boundary mapping that requires only the signal timecourses within a region of interest, without reference to the information from outside the region. The areal boundaries were generated by the novel analysis and were compared with those generated by the previously-established standard analysis. The boundaries were robust and reproducible across the two analyses, in two regions of interest tested. These results suggest that the information for areal boundaries is readily available inside the region of interest
Bioavailable Trace Metals in Neurological Diseases
Medical treatment in Wilsonâs disease includes chelators (d-penicillamine and trientine) or zinc salts that have to be maintain all the lifelong. This pharmacological treatment is categorised into two phases; the first being a de-coppering phase and the second a maintenance one. The best therapeutic approach remains controversial, as only a few non-controlled trials have compared these treatments. During the initial phase, progressive increase of chelatorsâ doses adjusted to exchangeable copper and urinary copper might help to avoid neurological deterioration. Liver transplantation is indicated in acute fulminant liver failure and decompensated cirrhosis; in cases of neurologic deterioration, it must be individually discussed. During the maintenance phase, the most important challenge is to obtain a good adherence to lifelong medical therapy. Neurodegenerative diseases that lead to a mislocalisation of iron can be caused by a culmination of localised overload (pro-oxidant siderosis) and localised deficiency (metabolic distress). A new therapeutic concept with conservative iron chelation rescues iron-overloaded neurons by scavenging labile iron and, by delivering this chelated metal to endogenous apo-transferrin, allows iron redistribution to avoid systemic loss of iron
High-resolution depth electrode localization and imaging in patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy
White matter changes in the perforant path area in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Imaging markers of structural and functional brain changes that precede cognitive symptoms in risk for Alzheimerâs disease
Glutamate-receptor-mediated encoding and retrieval of paired-associate learning
Paired-associate learning is often used to examine episodic
memory in humans (1). Animal models include the recall of foodcache
locations by scrub jays (2) and sequential memory (3,4). Here we
report a model in which rats encode, during successive sample
trials, two paired associates (flavours of food and their spatial
locations) and display better-than-chance recall of one item when
cued by the other. In a first study, pairings of a particular
foodstuff and its location were never repeated, so ensuring
unique âwhatâwhereâ attributes. Blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate
receptors in the hippocampusâcrucial for the induction of
certain forms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity (5,6)â
impaired memory encoding but had no effect on recall. Inactivating
hippocampal neural activity by blocking a-amino-3-
hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors
impaired both encoding and recall. In a second study, two paired
associates were trained repeatedly over 8 weeks in new pairs, but
blocking of hippocampal AMPA receptors did not affect their
recall. Thus we conclude that unique whatâwhere paired associates
depend on encoding and retrieval within a hippocampal
memory space (7,8) with consolidation of the memory traces
representing repeated paired associates in circuits elsewhere