Introduction: Exploring the Many Ways of Audiovisual Translation. Retranslated, Simultaneous, Indirect, Mediated or What?

Over the last decade, a growing number of Translation Studies scholars has focused on the many aspects of AVT, as demonstrated by the proliferation of research papers in journals, essay collections and monographs devoted to this topic (e.g. Chiaro 2007; Díaz Cintas 2012; Chaume, 2012; Pérez González 2014, 2018; Maszerowska, Matamala and Orero 2014; Di Giovanni and Gambier 2018; Baños 2018 just to name a few). This has certainly enabled AVT to develop “its very own theoretical and methodological approaches, allowing it to claim the status of a scholarly area of research in its own right” (Díaz-Cintas 2009: 7). One of the interesting consequences of the rapid advances in the production of audiovisual content and the availability of its many translated versions (e.g. dubbed, (fan)subtitled, in respeaking or audio-described) is that the traditional separation between ‘dubbing’ and ‘subtitling’ countries by now appears obsolete (Gambier 2003; Chaume 2013; Sandrelli, this volume). It is probably time we overcame “the frequently futile debate over the pros and cons of dubbing and subtitling, generally simplified to subjective and pseudo-intellectual arguments” (Chaume 2012: 13). Scholarly research on AVT may fare better at exploring the intricacies and resulting phenomena that the current mediascape brings about so as to continue to contribute fruitfully to the advances in theory and practice

Two Proofs of Fine's Theorem

Fine's theorem concerns the question of determining the conditions under which a certain set of probabilities for pairs of four bivalent quantities may be taken to be the marginals of an underlying probability distribution. The eight CHSH inequalities are well-known to be necessary conditions, but Fine's theorem is the striking result that they are also a sufficient condition. It has application to the question of finding a local hidden variables theory for measurements of pairs of spins for a system in an EPRB state. Here we present two simple and self-contained proofs of Fine's theorem in which the origins of this non-obvious result can be easily seen. The first is a physically motivated proof which simply notes that this matching problem is solved using a local hidden variables model given by Peres. The second is a straightforward algebraic proof which uses a representation of the probabilities in terms of correlation functions and takes advantage of certain simplifications naturally arising in that representation. A third, unsuccessful attempt at a proof, involving the maximum entropy technique is also briefly describedComment: 17 pages, latex. Revised argument for setting average spins to zero. References added. Corrected figur

The Retranslation and Mediated Translation of Audiovisual Content in Multilingual Spain: Reasons and Market Trends

Retranslations are the second, third, fourth or nth-translations of the same text produced at a later stage. In the case of audiovisual content, retranslations occur under certain circumstances. Focusing on Spain as a multilingual country, where regional languages demand new translations, frequently conceived as mediated translations, this article concentrates on the definition of retranslation and the differences between retranslation and mediated translation, and also lists the major reasons why retranslations, be them redubbings or resubtitlings, are commissioned and carried about. Economic, historical, linguistic and political issues triggering retranslations will also be dealt with, and some translatological conclusions will be drawn, as well as some new avenues of research grounded on retranslations

Madrid’s regional election: how we got here, what happened, and why it matters

On 4 May, the Popular Party, led by Isabel Díaz Ayuso, doubled their share of seats in a snap regional election in Madrid. Stuart J. Turnbull-Dugarte and José Rama react to the result, which also prompted the resignation of Pablo Iglesias, the leader of Podemos

Who are Vox, and who are their voters?

The populist radical right party Vox has emerged as a major force in Spanish politics, but what characterises the party and its voters? Drawing on a new study, José Rama, Stuart J. Turnbull-Dugarte and Andrés Santana present a comprehensive assessment of the party’s ideological makeup and the key features of its electoral base

Phytotoxic metabolites produced by Botryosphaeriaceae involved in grapevine trunk diseases

Fungi belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family are well known as cosmopolitan pathogens, saprophytes and endophytes and occur on a wide range of hosts including grapevine. More recently, a new species of Lasiodiplodia was isolated from declining grapevines in Sardinia (Italy). This still undescribed species showed to produce in liquid culture several phytotoxic secondary metabolites. In this communication the chemical and biological characterization of these bioactive secondary metabolites is discussed together with their role in the pathogenesis process

NMR characterization of animals’ follicular fluids

Follicular Fluid (FF) provides a special environment to the oocyte during its maturation in vivo. The FF is derived from the sanguineous plasma and secretions, synthesised in the follicle wall that contain a large variety of metabolites (1). These metabolites are probably involved in the physiology of the oocytes (1). The chemical composition of follicular fluids is important because it is an indicator of the secretory activities and metabolism of follicular cells and thus could be related to the follicular quality. It could also provide a useful indication of the oocyte growth and maturation (2). High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides a unique tool for studying metabolites. Initially, NMR spectroscopy was used mainly in biomedicine but it is found now in many physiological applications (3). As the NMR spectroscopy provides opportunities for obtaining qualitative and quantitative data from body fluids, it was hypothesized that this technique could provide information on mammals’ follicular fluid and on intrafollicular changes that occur during follicular growth and ovulation. As some of these changes are probably of crucial importance for oocyte developmental competence, a better knowledge of the mammals’ follicular fluid composition by 1H NMR analysis should help to resolve some of the problems encountered during in vitro procedures in the mammals. The characterization of the chemical composition of mammals follicular fluids, namely sheep, cattle, mare and pork, and the study of the changes observed during follicular growth and maturation using NMR spectroscopy will be presented. FF samples were collected from antral follicle of different dimensions. One-dimensional (1D) 1H experiments (CPMG, DOSY) were obtained for all the FF samples. In addition, several two dimensional (2D) (homo and heteronuclear) experiments (DQF-COSY, TOCSY, JRES, 1H-13C HSQC) were performed to aid in the assignment of the signals and in the identification of the metabolites in FF. A direct evaluation of the lipids, carbohydrates and metabolites were obtained from the combination of the 1D and 2D NMR experiments

Phenolic content and radical scavenging properties of natural extracts for traditional care of domestic animals in Mediterranean areas

Extracts of plants traditionally used for treatments on animals were tested for total phenolic, non tannic phenolic, condensed tannins and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant properties were determined using 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) chemical assays following DMSO extraction. We also assessed the toxicity of extracts on cell viability and determined their ability to modulate the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species