DO ICT AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT FACILITATE SUPPLY CHAIN TRADE?

This paper aims to estimate the impact of ICT and technological development of countries on supply chain trade. As proxy measures of supply chain trade, the author applies domestic value added (DVAFX) included in gross-foreign exports, and foreign-value added included in domestic exports (FVA) from the Eora MRIO database while constructing the ICT variable by using confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, as a proxy variable for the country’s technological development, the author applies the economic complexity index developed by Harvard’s Growth Lab, conducting her analysis based on the structural gravity model estimated with the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator (PPML). Together with the standard gravity regressors, the model includes the bilateral position of countries in the supply chain. Our panel dataset covers the 2000-2019 period, including 130 world countries. To control for the potential source of endogeneity, the model includes reporter and partner country fixed effects, yearly fixed effects, and country-pair fixed effects. The results confirm a statistically significant relationship between the country’s technological development and supply-chain trade. Technological development enables a country to produce more complex, higher value-added products and thus to be more upstream positioned in the supply chain. The more upstream the country is in the supply chain, the higher the domestic value added is included in its exports

The impact of economic policy on shipper businesses in coastal line maritime passenger transport in Croatia

Coastal line maritime passenger transport in the Republic of Croatia, as well as in other EU member states, is regulated through various regulations and legislation, which in turn result in numerous national laws and regulations that affect its development, all of which is legally binding for shippers. Scheduled maritime passenger transport is an extremely important form of transport for the Republic of Croatia since it is the only form of connection with the mainland for many islands. This paper analyses economic policy measures that affect the organization and implementation of coastal line maritime passenger transport. The paper also investigates the demand fluctuation for maritime passenger transport services. The aid measures provided by the state to individual sectors is also analysed, as well as aid for the provision of services of general economic interest. The aim of this paper is to assess the amount of aid granted to maritime transport and its importance, especially in coastal line maritime passenger transport. The paper also explains the importance of establishing the Coastal Liner Services Agency as a regulatory body of the Republic of Croatia, and it further analyses the subsidy amounts granted to shippers in the period from 2014 to 2020

The Importance of Logistics Distribution Centers as Nodes in Logistics Networks

The emergence of logistics distribution centers has in the past few decades become a mass phenomenon that has emerged as a result of global economic processes. As part of logistics networks, logistics distribution centers are the key link between production and the market, i.e. end users, and function as nodes that facilitate international business activities. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of logistics distribution centers on the example of logistics distribution centers of the selected Western and Central European Union countries and examine the prospects for the development of logistics distribution centers in Croatia. The research results indicate that the Republic of Croatia is less competitive in comparison with Western and Central European countries, although it has a number of logistics distribution centers due to insufficient utilization and renewal of transport infrastructure. Logistics distribution centers are an important center of logistics networks, and the countries will have to devote more attention to their development to attract foreign investment and achieve economic development, because their significance will continue to grow in the future

Trade Logistics – the Gravity Model Approach

Tijekom proteklog desetljeća, brojni su radovi pokušali istražiti odlučujući utjecaj olakšavanja trgovine, tzv. “trade facilitation”, na međunarodnu trgovinu. Od liberalizacije trgovine i smanjenja carina, drugi faktori koji olakšavaju trgovinu stavljeni su u prvi plan. Pod olakšavanjem trgovine smatraju se sve mjere koje smanjuju trgovinske troškove, a koji ne obuhvaćaju snižavanje carina. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja empirijski istražiti utjecaj faktora olakšavanja trgovine na međunarodnu trgovinu s aspekta logistike, uzimajući pritom u obzir scenarij u kojem su zemlje uvoznice zemlje niskog, srednjeg ili visokog dohotka. Kako bismo procijenili učinke faktora olakšavanja trgovine, u radu koristimo prošireni gravitacijski model na podacima za 150 zemalja svijeta u razdoblju od 2007. do 2016. godine. Indeks logističkih performansi (LPI) koji izdaje Svjetska banka koristi se kao “proxy” varijabla za olakšavanje trgovine. Rezultati procjene pokazuju da su sve korištene varijable značajne i rezultati su u skladu s inicijalnom hipotezom, što upućuje na to da će se s olakšavanjem trgovine povećavati i međunarodna trgovina. Rezultati nas također dovode do zaključka da su logističke performanse izvoznika važnije od logističkih performansi uvoznika. Ovo istraživanje podupire smjernice Svjetske banke vezane uz potrebu ulaganja u olakšavanje trgovine kako bi se osigurali niži trgovinski troškovi koji predstavljaju prepreku povećanju međunarodne trgovine.Over the past decade, a number of papers attempt to capture the decisive impact of trade facilitation on international trade. Since the emergence of trade liberalization and tarrif reduction, trade facilitation analysis has been put in the spotlight. Trade facilitation is defined as all measures that reduce trade costs other than lowering tariffs. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to empirically examine the impact of trade facilitation from the logistics perspective on international trade distinguishing between low, middle and high income importing countries. We used the augmented gravity model to estimate this relationship across 150 countries within the period 2007-2016. The Logistic Performance Index (LPI) created by the World Bank is used as a proxy variable for trade facilitation. The results of our analysis show that all used variables are significant and show the expected signs correspondingly to our hypotheses, suggesting that trade will increase with trade facilitation. The results also lead to the conclusion that exporter logistics performance seems to be more important than importer logistics performance. This paper supports the World Bank trade facilitation initiatives to assure lower trade costs as they serve as a barrier to enjoying the benefits of increased trade

ANALIZA E-TRGOVINE VINA U EUROPI NAKON COVID-19 PANDEMIJE

Vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo u Europi imaju dugu i bogatu tradiciju, štoviše Europa je vodeći proizvođač vina u svijetu. Iako se vino uvijek vezivalo uz tradicionalnu fizičku prodaju u vinarijama, vinotekama i/ili marketima, pandemija Covid-19 velikim je dijelom utjecala na eksponencijalni rast e-trgovine vina. Porast online potražnje za vinom te brze promjene preferencija potrošača prouzročile su rast online platformi prodaje vina. Cilj je ovog rada analizirati e-trgovinu vina u Europi, odnosno u Italiji, Francuskoj, Španjolskoj i Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu kao nekima od vodećih svjetskih proizvođača i/ili potrošača vina te istražiti vodeće online platforme u tim zemljama koje su se specijalizirale u e-trgovini vinom. Analiza se temelji na posljednjim dostupnim statističkim podacima za 2021. godinu. Rezultati analize ukazuju na rastući trend e-trgovine koji bi se trebao nastaviti i u nadolazećem razdoblju. Također, analiza ukazuje na promjene preferencija potrošača koji su u velikoj mjeri zadržali navike kupnje putem e-kanala i nakon pandemije

Do ICT and technological development facilitate supply chain trade?

Cilj ovog rada jest procijeniti učinke IKT-a i tehnološkog razvoja zemalja na trgovinu u opskrbnom lancu. Kao zavisne varijable koje predstavljaju trgovinu lancem opskrbe su koriste se domaća dodana vrijednost (DVAFX) uključena u bruto inozemni izvoz i strana dodana vrijednost uključena u domaći izvoz (FVA). IKT varijabla je dobivena pomoću potvrdne faktorske analize, dok se za varijablu tehnološki razvoj zemlje koristi Indeks ekonomske složenosti, razvijen od strane Harvard’s Growth Lab. Analiza se temelji na strukturnom gravitacijskom modelu, a model se procjenjuje Poissonovim procjeniteljem pseudo-maksimalne vjerodo- stojnosti (PPML). Uz standardni set gravitacijskih varijabli, model uključuje bilateralni položaj zemalja u opskrbnom lancu. Panel podaci obuhvaćaju razdoblje od 2000. do 2019. i uključuju 130 zemalja svijeta. Kako bi se kontrolirao potencijalni izvor endogenosti, u model se uključuju fiksni učinci zemalja izvoznica i partnera, fiksni učinci trgovinskih parova i godišnji fiksni učinci. Rezultati regresijske analize potvrđuju statistički značajnu vezu između tehnološkog razvoja zemlje i trgovine u opskrbnom lancu. Tehnološki razvoj omogućuje zemlji proizvodnju složenijih proizvoda s većom dodanom vrijednošću i time višu poziciju u opskrbnom lancu. Što je zemlja uzvodnije u opskrbnom lancu, to je više domaće dodane vrijednosti sadržano u njezinom izvozuThis paper aims to estimate the impact of ICT and technological development of countries on supply chain trade. As proxy measures of supply chain trade, the author applies domestic value added (DVAFX) included in gross-foreign exports, and foreign-value added included in domestic exports (FVA) from the Eora MRIO database while constructing the ICT variable by using confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, as a proxy variable for the country’s technological development, the author applies the economic complexity index developed by Harvard’s Growth Lab, conducting her analysis based on the structural gravity model estimated with the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator (PPML). Together with the standard gravity regressors, the model includes the bilateral position of countries in the supply chain. Our panel dataset covers the 2000-2019 period, including 130 world countries. To control for the potential source of endogeneity, the model includes reporter and partner country fixed effects, yearly fixed effects, and country-pair fixed effects. The results confirm a statistically significant relationship between the country’s technological development and supply-chain trade. Technological development enables a country to produce more complex, higher value-added products and thus to be more upstream positioned in the supply chain. The more upstream the country is in the supply chain, the higher the domestic value added is included in its exports

Učinci transportne infrastrukture i logističke usluge na međunarodnu trgovinu i ekonomski rast: slučaj zemalja članica srednje i istočne Europe (CEMS)

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of transport infrastructure and logistics performance on international trade and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European Union Member States (CEMS). The dissertation is divided in three separate and interrelated research papers. In the first research paper, the question of the role of transport infrastructure in the economy is revisited through the construction of two empirical econometric models. The first model estimates the impact of road and rail infrastructure on economic growth, considering population growth, investment in infrastructure and trade openness. The second model is used to check the robustness of the first model and follows the Aschauer's (1989) aggregate production function. The analysis is based on a panel data regression with fixed effects estimator (FE). The results of the first model show a significant and positive relationship between road infrastructure and economic output, and significant but negative relationship between rail infrastructure and economic output. The results of the estimation of aggregate production function suggest that among all types of infrastructure, only road transport infrastructure shows significant positive effects on economic output. Although overall results show inconclusive results, they should be seen in a broader context where transport infrastructure is a public good and investment in it is necessary to ensure the territorial, economic and social cohesion of CEMS countries. The second research paper examines the impact of logistics performance on bilateral trade of the EU15 and CEMS countries. The analysis is based on a structural gravity model estimated with the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator (PPML). The results show that there is a significant relationship between logistics performance and EU15 and the CEMS bilateral trade, with heterogeneous effects of the elements of logistics performance on trade in different product groups. The third research paper incorporates other elements of logistics performance and trade facilitation, i.e., hard and soft infrastructure, into international trade in addition to logistics performance. The aim is to assess the impact of trade facilitation, distinguishing between traditional trade and supply chain trade. In the first step, factor analysis is used to construct indicators of trade facilitation. In the second step, the effects of trade facilitation indicators on gross trade and trade value added data are estimated with the empirical model specification based on a structural gravity model. To address the issues of heteroscedasticity and zero trade values, the PPML estimator is also used. The results suggest that different elements of trade facilitation are significant and have different degrees of relevance to traditional and supply chain trade. The findings obtained in the dissertation contribute to the existing body of knowledge in this research area from a theoretical and applicative perspective and offer recommendations for potential improvements in the areas of transportation, logistics, and trade facilitation.Cilj ove disertacije je istražiti utjecaj transportne infrastrukture i logističke usluge na međunarodnu trgovinu i gospodarski rast u zemljama srednje i istočne Europe (CEMS), članicama Europske unije. Disertacija je podijeljena u tri zasebna i međusobno povezana znanstvena rada. U prvom istraživačkom radu se preispituje pitanje uloge transportne infrastrukture u gospodarstvu na temelju dva empirijska ekonometrijska modela. U prvom modelu se procjenjuju učinci cestovne i željezničke infrastrukture na gospodarski rast, kontrolirajući pritom rast stanovništva, ulaganja u infrastrukturu i otvorenost trgovine. Drugi se model koristi za provjeru robusnosti prvog modela i temelji se na agregatnoj proizvodnoj funkciji koju je koristio Aschauer (1989.) u svom radu. Analiza se temelji na regresiji panel podataka s procjeniteljem fiksnih učinaka (FE). Rezultati prvog modela pokazuju značajnu i pozitivnu vezu između cestovne transportne infrastrukture i gospodarskog rasta, ali i značajnu negativnu vezu između željezničke infrastrukture i ekonomskog rasta. Rezultati procjene agregatne proizvodne funkcije ukazuju na to kako od svih promatranih vrsta transportne infrastrukture, jedino cestovna intrastruktura ima značajne pozitivne učinke na ekonomski rast, dok rezultati za ostale vrste infrastrukture nisu statistički značajni. Premda cjelokupni rezultati pokazuju nesignificantne rezultate, treba ih promatrati u širem kontekstu, jer je transportna infrastruktura javno dobro i ulaganje u nju potrebno je kako bi se ostvarila teritorijalna, ekonomska i socijalna kohezija zemalja CEMS. U drugom istraživačkom radu se analizira učinak logističkih performansi na bilateralnu trgovinu zemalja EU15 i CEMS. Analiza se temelji na strukturnom gravitacijskom modelu koji se procjenjuje s Procjeniteljem pseudo maksimalne vjerodostojnosti (PPML). Rezultati procjene pokazuju da postoji značajna veza između logističkih performansi bilateralne trgovine EU15 i CEMS zemalja, međutim različiti elementi logističkih performansi imaju različite učinke ovisno o grupama proizvoda kojima se trguje. U trećem istraživačkom radu su uključeni i drugi elementi logističkih performansi, kao što je tvrda i meka infrastruktura, koja može imati učinke na međunarodnu trgovinu. Cilj trećeg rada jest procijeniti utjecaj tvrde i meke infrastrukture na tradicionalnu trgovinu i trgovinu kroz opskrbni lanac. Kako bi se konstruirale varijable olakšavanja trgovine, odnosno tvrde i meke infrastrukture, u prvom koraku analize se koristi faktorska analiza. U drugom koraku se koristi strukturni gravitacijski model kako s PPML procjeniteljem kako bi se procijenili učinci tvrde i meke infrastrukture na trgovinu. PPML procjenitelj se koristi kako bi se riješio problem heteroskedastičnosti i nula vrijednosti trgovine. Rezultati analize sugeriraju kako su različiti elementi olakšavanja trgovine, odnosno tvrda i meka infrastruktura značajni i da imaju različite stupnjeve relevantnosti za tradicionalnu trgovinu i trgovinu u lancu opskrbe. Rezultati disertacije doprinose postojećem znanju u području istraživanja iz teorijske i aplikativne perspektive i nude preporuke za moguća poboljšanja u područjima prometa, logistike, olakšavanja trgovine i gospodarskog rasta

Učinci transportne infrastrukture i logističke usluge na međunarodnu trgovinu i ekonomski rast: slučaj zemalja članica srednje i istočne Europe (CEMS)

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of transport infrastructure and logistics performance on international trade and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European Union Member States (CEMS). The dissertation is divided in three separate and interrelated research papers. In the first research paper, the question of the role of transport infrastructure in the economy is revisited through the construction of two empirical econometric models. The first model estimates the impact of road and rail infrastructure on economic growth, considering population growth, investment in infrastructure and trade openness. The second model is used to check the robustness of the first model and follows the Aschauer's (1989) aggregate production function. The analysis is based on a panel data regression with fixed effects estimator (FE). The results of the first model show a significant and positive relationship between road infrastructure and economic output, and significant but negative relationship between rail infrastructure and economic output. The results of the estimation of aggregate production function suggest that among all types of infrastructure, only road transport infrastructure shows significant positive effects on economic output. Although overall results show inconclusive results, they should be seen in a broader context where transport infrastructure is a public good and investment in it is necessary to ensure the territorial, economic and social cohesion of CEMS countries. The second research paper examines the impact of logistics performance on bilateral trade of the EU15 and CEMS countries. The analysis is based on a structural gravity model estimated with the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator (PPML). The results show that there is a significant relationship between logistics performance and EU15 and the CEMS bilateral trade, with heterogeneous effects of the elements of logistics performance on trade in different product groups. The third research paper incorporates other elements of logistics performance and trade facilitation, i.e., hard and soft infrastructure, into international trade in addition to logistics performance. The aim is to assess the impact of trade facilitation, distinguishing between traditional trade and supply chain trade. In the first step, factor analysis is used to construct indicators of trade facilitation. In the second step, the effects of trade facilitation indicators on gross trade and trade value added data are estimated with the empirical model specification based on a structural gravity model. To address the issues of heteroscedasticity and zero trade values, the PPML estimator is also used. The results suggest that different elements of trade facilitation are significant and have different degrees of relevance to traditional and supply chain trade. The findings obtained in the dissertation contribute to the existing body of knowledge in this research area from a theoretical and applicative perspective and offer recommendations for potential improvements in the areas of transportation, logistics, and trade facilitation.Cilj ove disertacije je istražiti utjecaj transportne infrastrukture i logističke usluge na međunarodnu trgovinu i gospodarski rast u zemljama srednje i istočne Europe (CEMS), članicama Europske unije. Disertacija je podijeljena u tri zasebna i međusobno povezana znanstvena rada. U prvom istraživačkom radu se preispituje pitanje uloge transportne infrastrukture u gospodarstvu na temelju dva empirijska ekonometrijska modela. U prvom modelu se procjenjuju učinci cestovne i željezničke infrastrukture na gospodarski rast, kontrolirajući pritom rast stanovništva, ulaganja u infrastrukturu i otvorenost trgovine. Drugi se model koristi za provjeru robusnosti prvog modela i temelji se na agregatnoj proizvodnoj funkciji koju je koristio Aschauer (1989.) u svom radu. Analiza se temelji na regresiji panel podataka s procjeniteljem fiksnih učinaka (FE). Rezultati prvog modela pokazuju značajnu i pozitivnu vezu između cestovne transportne infrastrukture i gospodarskog rasta, ali i značajnu negativnu vezu između željezničke infrastrukture i ekonomskog rasta. Rezultati procjene agregatne proizvodne funkcije ukazuju na to kako od svih promatranih vrsta transportne infrastrukture, jedino cestovna intrastruktura ima značajne pozitivne učinke na ekonomski rast, dok rezultati za ostale vrste infrastrukture nisu statistički značajni. Premda cjelokupni rezultati pokazuju nesignificantne rezultate, treba ih promatrati u širem kontekstu, jer je transportna infrastruktura javno dobro i ulaganje u nju potrebno je kako bi se ostvarila teritorijalna, ekonomska i socijalna kohezija zemalja CEMS. U drugom istraživačkom radu se analizira učinak logističkih performansi na bilateralnu trgovinu zemalja EU15 i CEMS. Analiza se temelji na strukturnom gravitacijskom modelu koji se procjenjuje s Procjeniteljem pseudo maksimalne vjerodostojnosti (PPML). Rezultati procjene pokazuju da postoji značajna veza između logističkih performansi bilateralne trgovine EU15 i CEMS zemalja, međutim različiti elementi logističkih performansi imaju različite učinke ovisno o grupama proizvoda kojima se trguje. U trećem istraživačkom radu su uključeni i drugi elementi logističkih performansi, kao što je tvrda i meka infrastruktura, koja može imati učinke na međunarodnu trgovinu. Cilj trećeg rada jest procijeniti utjecaj tvrde i meke infrastrukture na tradicionalnu trgovinu i trgovinu kroz opskrbni lanac. Kako bi se konstruirale varijable olakšavanja trgovine, odnosno tvrde i meke infrastrukture, u prvom koraku analize se koristi faktorska analiza. U drugom koraku se koristi strukturni gravitacijski model kako s PPML procjeniteljem kako bi se procijenili učinci tvrde i meke infrastrukture na trgovinu. PPML procjenitelj se koristi kako bi se riješio problem heteroskedastičnosti i nula vrijednosti trgovine. Rezultati analize sugeriraju kako su različiti elementi olakšavanja trgovine, odnosno tvrda i meka infrastruktura značajni i da imaju različite stupnjeve relevantnosti za tradicionalnu trgovinu i trgovinu u lancu opskrbe. Rezultati disertacije doprinose postojećem znanju u području istraživanja iz teorijske i aplikativne perspektive i nude preporuke za moguća poboljšanja u područjima prometa, logistike, olakšavanja trgovine i gospodarskog rasta

Učinci transportne infrastrukture i logističke usluge na međunarodnu trgovinu i ekonomski rast: slučaj zemalja članica srednje i istočne Europe (CEMS)

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of transport infrastructure and logistics performance on international trade and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European Union Member States (CEMS). The dissertation is divided in three separate and interrelated research papers. In the first research paper, the question of the role of transport infrastructure in the economy is revisited through the construction of two empirical econometric models. The first model estimates the impact of road and rail infrastructure on economic growth, considering population growth, investment in infrastructure and trade openness. The second model is used to check the robustness of the first model and follows the Aschauer's (1989) aggregate production function. The analysis is based on a panel data regression with fixed effects estimator (FE). The results of the first model show a significant and positive relationship between road infrastructure and economic output, and significant but negative relationship between rail infrastructure and economic output. The results of the estimation of aggregate production function suggest that among all types of infrastructure, only road transport infrastructure shows significant positive effects on economic output. Although overall results show inconclusive results, they should be seen in a broader context where transport infrastructure is a public good and investment in it is necessary to ensure the territorial, economic and social cohesion of CEMS countries. The second research paper examines the impact of logistics performance on bilateral trade of the EU15 and CEMS countries. The analysis is based on a structural gravity model estimated with the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator (PPML). The results show that there is a significant relationship between logistics performance and EU15 and the CEMS bilateral trade, with heterogeneous effects of the elements of logistics performance on trade in different product groups. The third research paper incorporates other elements of logistics performance and trade facilitation, i.e., hard and soft infrastructure, into international trade in addition to logistics performance. The aim is to assess the impact of trade facilitation, distinguishing between traditional trade and supply chain trade. In the first step, factor analysis is used to construct indicators of trade facilitation. In the second step, the effects of trade facilitation indicators on gross trade and trade value added data are estimated with the empirical model specification based on a structural gravity model. To address the issues of heteroscedasticity and zero trade values, the PPML estimator is also used. The results suggest that different elements of trade facilitation are significant and have different degrees of relevance to traditional and supply chain trade. The findings obtained in the dissertation contribute to the existing body of knowledge in this research area from a theoretical and applicative perspective and offer recommendations for potential improvements in the areas of transportation, logistics, and trade facilitation.Cilj ove disertacije je istražiti utjecaj transportne infrastrukture i logističke usluge na međunarodnu trgovinu i gospodarski rast u zemljama srednje i istočne Europe (CEMS), članicama Europske unije. Disertacija je podijeljena u tri zasebna i međusobno povezana znanstvena rada. U prvom istraživačkom radu se preispituje pitanje uloge transportne infrastrukture u gospodarstvu na temelju dva empirijska ekonometrijska modela. U prvom modelu se procjenjuju učinci cestovne i željezničke infrastrukture na gospodarski rast, kontrolirajući pritom rast stanovništva, ulaganja u infrastrukturu i otvorenost trgovine. Drugi se model koristi za provjeru robusnosti prvog modela i temelji se na agregatnoj proizvodnoj funkciji koju je koristio Aschauer (1989.) u svom radu. Analiza se temelji na regresiji panel podataka s procjeniteljem fiksnih učinaka (FE). Rezultati prvog modela pokazuju značajnu i pozitivnu vezu između cestovne transportne infrastrukture i gospodarskog rasta, ali i značajnu negativnu vezu između željezničke infrastrukture i ekonomskog rasta. Rezultati procjene agregatne proizvodne funkcije ukazuju na to kako od svih promatranih vrsta transportne infrastrukture, jedino cestovna intrastruktura ima značajne pozitivne učinke na ekonomski rast, dok rezultati za ostale vrste infrastrukture nisu statistički značajni. Premda cjelokupni rezultati pokazuju nesignificantne rezultate, treba ih promatrati u širem kontekstu, jer je transportna infrastruktura javno dobro i ulaganje u nju potrebno je kako bi se ostvarila teritorijalna, ekonomska i socijalna kohezija zemalja CEMS. U drugom istraživačkom radu se analizira učinak logističkih performansi na bilateralnu trgovinu zemalja EU15 i CEMS. Analiza se temelji na strukturnom gravitacijskom modelu koji se procjenjuje s Procjeniteljem pseudo maksimalne vjerodostojnosti (PPML). Rezultati procjene pokazuju da postoji značajna veza između logističkih performansi bilateralne trgovine EU15 i CEMS zemalja, međutim različiti elementi logističkih performansi imaju različite učinke ovisno o grupama proizvoda kojima se trguje. U trećem istraživačkom radu su uključeni i drugi elementi logističkih performansi, kao što je tvrda i meka infrastruktura, koja može imati učinke na međunarodnu trgovinu. Cilj trećeg rada jest procijeniti utjecaj tvrde i meke infrastrukture na tradicionalnu trgovinu i trgovinu kroz opskrbni lanac. Kako bi se konstruirale varijable olakšavanja trgovine, odnosno tvrde i meke infrastrukture, u prvom koraku analize se koristi faktorska analiza. U drugom koraku se koristi strukturni gravitacijski model kako s PPML procjeniteljem kako bi se procijenili učinci tvrde i meke infrastrukture na trgovinu. PPML procjenitelj se koristi kako bi se riješio problem heteroskedastičnosti i nula vrijednosti trgovine. Rezultati analize sugeriraju kako su različiti elementi olakšavanja trgovine, odnosno tvrda i meka infrastruktura značajni i da imaju različite stupnjeve relevantnosti za tradicionalnu trgovinu i trgovinu u lancu opskrbe. Rezultati disertacije doprinose postojećem znanju u području istraživanja iz teorijske i aplikativne perspektive i nude preporuke za moguća poboljšanja u područjima prometa, logistike, olakšavanja trgovine i gospodarskog rasta

DETERMINANTE TRGOVINE DODANOM VRIJEDNOŠĆU U EU (EU-15 vs. CEE)

Cilj ovog rada je procijeniti učinke pojedinih determinanti na trgovinu dodanom vrijednošću DV, te analizirati postoje li i u kojoj mjeri razlike između starih (EU-15) i novih (CEE) zemalja članica. Kao varijabla trgovine DV koristi se domaća dodana vrijednost (DVAFX) sadržana u stranom bruto izvozu. Analiza se temelji na strukturnom gravitacijskom modelu, a provedena je za razdoblje od 2000. do 2019. godine na uzorku od 130 zemalja. U analizi su uključene varijable pozicija u globalnom lancu vrijednosti, tehnološki razvoj, razvoj informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije te učinkovitost institucija i granica. Kako bi se riješio problem efekta trećih zemalja, te potencijalni problem endogenosti, u model su uključeni godišnji fiksni učinci, fiksni učinci trgovinskih parova i fiksni učinci zemalja izvoznica i uvoznica. Kao glavni procjenitelj koristi se Poissonov procjenitelj pseudo maksimalne vjerodostojnosti (PPML), dok se kao test robusnosti modela koristi dinamička panela analiza s GMM procjeniteljem. Rezultati analize pokazuju kako su učinkovitost institucija i granica, tehnološki razvoj i pozicija u lancu opskrbe značajne za DVAFX te da su učinci tehnološkog razvoja i pozicije u lancu opskrbe još veći za zemlje CEE u usporedbi s EU-15