Analisis Rantai Pasok Produk Beras dari Kabupaten Konawe Selatan ke Kota Kendari

This study aims to find out how the supply chain of rice from South Konawe to Kendari. This type of research is included in descriptive research or categorized in qualitative research method by using survey method that is described, explain and interpret a phenomenon that occurs on an object and data is qualitative, ie data that is described with words or sentences by category to obtain a conclusion. This research was conducted in South Konawe Village specifically at UD. Fandi in Laeya District, South Konawe District in August 2017. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation, interviews, discussions with supply chain members and documentation at the research sites. Supply Chain of rice products from South Konawe District to Kendari City starts from Farmers, Rice Millers, Distributors UD Fandi, Retailer and Final Consumer. Farmers as rice suppliers cultivate and sell their crops to the rice mills, then the mills' process rice from farmers into rice products to be sold to Distributor. In this research, the Distributor Party also as the owner of rice milling, after the packaging of rice products, will then be distributed to retailers both in South Konawe District itself and outside the region, especially Kendari City distributor of UD. Fandi has a rice warehouse which is a shelter of rice products that will be sold to retailers in Kendari City. The selling price of rice products from Distributor UD. Fandi is accepted by retailers in South Konawe and outside Kendari especially divided by size, for rice with size 50 kg sold with price Rp. 420.000, - and for rice with size 25 kg sold with price Rp. 220.000, Furthermore the retailers will repackage the rice products into several sizes that are tailored to the needs of the end consumer is the size of 10 kg, and size 5 kg. for rice with size 10 kg sold with price Rp. 110.000, - and rice with size 5 kg sold with price Rp. 55.000, -. But retailers also sell rice with liter sizes which for liters sold to consumers at a price of Rp. 8,000-8,500, / litres. This is done to adjust to the level of end consumer needs

RESPOSTAS ECOFISIOLÓGICAS E REPRODUTIVAS DE Allagoptera arenaria (ARECACEAE) ÀS MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS GLOBAIS EM AMBIENTE DE RESTINGA

A velocidade com que mudanças no clima vem acontecendo são uma ameaça em grande escala ao meio ambiente. Não se sabe como as plantas responderão a essas mudanças, pois existem poucas informações acerca das respostas ecofisiológicas das mesmas às mudanças nos padrões de temperatura e precipitação. Dessa forma, é importante identificar as possíveis vulnerabilidades das espécies nos cenários de mudanças climáticas globais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos isolados e combinados do aumento de temperatura (2°C) e volume pluviométrico (25%) na produção de biomassa, fenologia reprodutiva, trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila a de Allagoptera arenaria em ambiente de restinga usando câmaras de topo aberto (open top chambers - OTC s) adaptadas e calhas coletoras de chuva. Foram selecionados 40 arbustos de A. arenaria distribuídos em quatro tratamentos, ambiente aberto-controle (C), aumento do volume pluviométrico em 25% (P), aumento de temperatura em 2°C (T) e aumento de temperatura em 2°C e volume pluviométrico em 25% (TP). O experimento foi montado no mês de junho de 2015 e as amostragens realizadas em novembro de 2015 e em fevereiro, junho e novembro de 2016. Os resultados demonstraram que as OTC s e as calhas foram eficazes para simular os efeitos de mudanças climáticas propostos. Os valores da variação da biomassa aérea foram maiores para o tratamento TP quando comparados ao tratamento T que, por sua vez, apresentou mais ciclos reprodutivos ao longo do período avaliado. Dessa forma foi possível verificar duas vertentes distintas entre os resultados no sentindo de produção de biomassa e produção de estruturas reprodutivas. As plantas submetidas ao tratamento TP apresentaram as maiores taxas de assimilação de CO2 (A), condutância estomática (gs), e transpiração (E) enquanto que o tratamento T apresentou as menores taxas nas amostragens inicialmente. Quanto a interação entre as variáveis fotossintéticas foi possível afirmar que nos meses de novembro/2015, fevereiro/2016 e junho/ 2016 houve a maior variação entre as variáveis de trocas gasosas, enquanto que em novembro/2016 houve poucas alterações significativas entre essas variáveis. O tratamento T apresentou considerável redução nas respostas dos transientes da fluorescência da clorofila a e o aumento do volume pluviométrico contribuiu para amenizar os efeitos do aumento de temperatura no tratamento TP. Em P não foram observadas diferenças em relação ao controle para as análises realizadas. Com as mudanças climáticas é possível que, A. arenaria desenvolva mecanismos para sobreviver ao aumento de temperatura e o aumento do volume pluviométrico pode favorecer esse processo. Possíveis aumentos de temperatura futuros poderão encurtar o ciclo reprodutivo de A. arenaria na tentativa de garantir o sucesso adaptativo e evolutivo dessa espécie. No ambiente de restinga essa espécie já lida com condições adversas e a tolerância à temperatura cada vez mais altas pode ser adquirida como mecanismo de adaptação ao ambiente de crescimento alterado. Palavras-chave: Mudanças climáticas biomassa aérea fenologia fotossíntese Allagoptera arenaria resting

Influence of Temperature on Mutagenicity in Plants Exposed to Surface Disinfected Drinking Water.

Disinfection of surface drinking water, particularly water chlorination, produces by-products with potential genotoxic and/or carcinogenic activity. A study carried out at a pilot plant for drinking water disinfection of lake water revealed mutagenic activity of three different disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid) in different seasons using in situ mutagenicity assays, both in animal (micronucleus test) and in plant organisms (anaphase chro- mosomal aberration and micronucleus tests). The effects of the disinfectants appeared to be modulated by the season of exposure. In this study, we tried to understand if (and to what extent) the temperature parameter could actually play an independent role in the registered seasonal variation of mutagenic effects, neglecting the variation of other parameters, e.g. physical conditions and chemical composition of the lake water. Therefore plants (Allium cepa for chromosomal aberration test and Vicia faba for micronucleus test) were exposed to the same disinfected lake-water samples at differ- ent temperatures (10°C, 20°C and 30°C), according the ones registered during the in situ experiment. Long-term expo- sure at the temperatures of 20°C (both Vicia faba and Allium cepa) and 30°C (Vicia faba only) to disinfected waters in- duced clear mutagenic effects. These results show that temperature is an important variable which should be taken into account when in situ exposure of plants is planned for mutagenicity testing. Also, different plant systems clearly show specific temperature ranges suitable for their growth, thereby indicating the need for an accurate selection of the test organism for a specific experimental plan

The basis for ductility evaluation in SFRC structures in MC2020: An investigation on slabs and shallow beams

The paper presents a synthesis of an extensive experimental campaign on linear and two-dimensional steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) structural elements carried out to check the ductility requirements aimed at guaranteeing limit analysis approaches for the computation of ultimate load-bearing capacity of SFRC structures; special attention is devoted to the role of the degree of redundancy of the structure. In particular, full-scale shallow beams and slabs reinforced with steel fibers (with or without conventional longitudinal reinforcement) were tested in two different laboratories: the Politecnico di Milano (PoliMI) and the University of Brescia (UniBS). In this experimental campaign, two different fiber contents and fiber types were considered. The experimental investigation, carried out within the activities to support Annex L of Eurocode 2, was fundamental also for developing the design rules included in the fib Model Code 2020 and allowed to formulate conclusions regarding optimization of the mix design, ductility, and design prediction at the ultimate capacity

Palladium(II) complexes of quinolinylaminophosphonates: synthesis, structural characterization, antitumor and antimicrobial activity

Three types of palladium(II) halide complexes of quinolinylaminophosphonates have been synthesized and studied. Diethyl and dibutyl [alpha-anilino-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)]phosphonates (L1, 12) act as N,N-chelate ligands through the quinoline and aniline nitrogens giving complexes cis-[Pd(L1/12)X-2] (X Cl, Br) (1-4). Their 3-substituted analogues [alpha-anilino-(quinolin-3-ylmethyl)]phosphonates (L3, L4) form dihalidopalladium complexes trans-[Pd(L3/L4)(2)X-2] (5-8), with trans N-bonded ligand molecules only through the quinoline nitrogen. Dialkyl [alpha-(quinolin-3-ylamino)-N-benzyl]phosphonates (L5, L6) give tetrahalidodipalladium complexes [Pd-2(L5/L6)(3)X-4] (9-12), containing one bridging and two terminal ligand molecules. The bridging molecule is bonded to the both palladium atoms, one through the quinoline and the other through the aminoquinoline nitrogen, whereas terminal ligand molecules are coordinated each only to one palladium via the quinoline nitrogen. Each palladium ion is also bonded to two halide ions in a trans square-planar fashion. The new complexes were identified and characterized by elemental analyses and by IR, UV-visible, H-1, C-13 and P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance and ESI-mass spectroscopic studies. The crystal structures of complexes 1-4 and 6 were determined by X-ray structure analysis. The antitumor activity of complexes in vitro was investigated on several human tumor cell lines and the highest activity with cell growth inhibitory effects in the low micromolar range was observed for dipalladium complexes 11 and 12 derived from dibutyl ester L6. The antimicrobial properties in vitro of ligands and their complexes were studied using a wide spectrum of bacterial and fungal strains. No specific activity was noted. Only ligands L3 and L4 and tetrahalidodipalladium complexes 9 and 11 show poor activities against some Gram positive bacteria

Childhood Vaccinations and Type 1 Diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common paediatric endocrine disease, and its frequency has been found to increase worldwide. Similar to all conditions associated with poorly regulated glucose metabolism, T1D carries an increased risk of infection. Consequently, careful compliance by T1D children with schedules officially approved for child immunization is strongly recommended. However, because patients with T1D show persistent and profound limitations in immune function, vaccines may evoke a less efficient immune response, with corresponding lower protection. Moreover, T1D is an autoimmune condition that develops in genetically susceptible individuals and some data regarding T1D triggering factors appear to indicate that infections, mainly those due to viruses, play a major role. Accordingly, the use of viral live attenuated vaccines is being debated. In this narrative review, we discussed the most effective and safe use of vaccines in patients at risk of or with overt T1D. Literature analysis showed that several problems related to the use of vaccines in children with T1D have not been completely resolved. There are few studies regarding the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines in T1D children, and the need for different immunization schedules has not been precisely established. Fortunately, the previous presumed relationship between vaccine administration and T1D appears to have been debunked, though some doubts regarding rotavirus vaccines remain. Further studies are needed to completely resolve the problems related to vaccine administration in T1D patients. In the meantime, the use of vaccines remains extensively recommended in children with this disease

Enhanced drug delivery capabilities from stents coated with absorbable polymer and crystalline drug

Current drug eluting stent (DES) technology is not optimized with regard to the pharmacokinetics of drug delivery. A novel, absorbable-coating sirolimus-eluting stent (AC-SES) was evaluated for its capacity to deliver drug more evenly within the intimal area rather than concentrating drug around the stent struts and for its ability to match coating erosion with drug release. The coating consisted of absorbable poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and crystalline sirolimus deposited by a dry-powder electrostatic process. The AC-SES demonstrated enhanced drug stability under simulated use conditions and consistent drug delivery balanced with coating erosion in a porcine coronary implant model. The initial drug burst was eliminated and drug release was sustained after implantation. The coating was absorbed within 90 days. Following implantation into porcine coronary arteries the AC-SES coating is distributed in the surrounding intimal tissue over the course of several weeks. Computational modeling of drug delivery characteristics demonstrates how distributed coating optimizes the load of drug immediately around each stent strut and extends drug delivery between stent struts. The result was a highly efficient arterial uptake of drug with superior performance to a clinical bare metal stent (BMS). Neointimal thickness (0.17 ± 0.07 mm vs. 0.28 ± 0.11 mm) and area percent stenosis (22 ± 9% vs. 35 ± 12%) were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by the AC-SES compared to the BMS 30 days after stent implantation in an overlap configuration in porcine coronary arteries. Inflammation was significantly reduced in the AC-SES compared to the BMS at both 30 and 90 days after implantation. Biocompatible, rapidly absorbable stent coatings enable the matching of drug release with coating erosion and provide for the controlled migration of coating material into tissue to reduce vicissitudes in drug tissue levels, optimizing efficacy and reducing potential toxicity.Micell Technologies, Inc.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (R01 GM49039