Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.</p

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

CODE AVAILABILITY : Programming R code is openly available together with the database from Figshare.SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 1 : Template for data collectionSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 2 : Data Descriptor WorksheetSpringtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.http://www.nature.com/sdatahj2024Plant Production and Soil ScienceSDG-15:Life on lan

Keratosminthurus calamitosus Zeppelini & Brito & Zampaulo & Lima 2020, sp. nov.

&lt;i&gt;Keratosminthurus calamitosus&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov. Zeppelini, Brito &amp; Lima &lt;p&gt;Figs 5C, 20&ndash;32, Table 1&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type material.&lt;/b&gt; Holotype adult male on slide, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Uba&iacute;, cave of Joaquim Rodrigues farm (16&deg;12&rsquo;59.8&rdquo;S; 44&deg;38&rsquo;36.0&rdquo;W), 18.IV.2014, leg. Lucas &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. Holotype deposited at CRFS #8902.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Paratype adult male on slide, idem. Paratype deposited at CRFS #8903. Paratype adult female on slide, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santa Barbara, Serra do Gandarela cave FP-15 (20&deg;06&rsquo;13.2&rdquo;S; 43&deg;38&rsquo;24.6&rdquo;W), 16.V.2014, leg. R. Zampaulo. Paratype deposited at CRFS #5686. Paratype adult female on slide, idem. Paratype deposited at CRFS #5683. Paratype adult male on slide, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santa Barbara, Serra do Gandarela cave FP-13 (20&deg;06&rsquo;12.7&rdquo;S; 43&deg;38&rsquo;24.4&rdquo;W), 16.V.2014, leg. R. Zampaulo. Paratype (CRFS #5679) deposited at CC /UFRN. Paratype adult male on slide, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santa Barbara, Serra do Gandarela cave FP-15 (20&deg;06&rsquo;13.2&rdquo;S 43&deg;38&rsquo;24.6&rdquo;W), 16.V.2014, leg. R. Zampaulo. Paratype (CRFS #5685) deposited at MUZUSP.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; Holotype body length 1,088&micro;m, head 526 &micro;m. Color brownish yellow with purple spots on great abdomen. Legs and antennae purple, eyes in dark patch of pigments (Fig. 5C right).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Antennae: holotype antennal segments length (&micro;m) I, II, III, IV = 94, 158, 233, 936 (Fig. 20). Ant I with four normal anterior chaetae, and one chaeta and one microchaeta in apical part on posterior side (Fig. 21). Ant II presents nine apical (two mic), five medial and five basal chaetae (Fig. 22). Ant III apically with six chaetae (four mic) and two sensilla on AOIII, two medial and one basal whorl with eight chaetae each. AOIII of females with two sensilla in separate pits, &lt;b&gt;Ai&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Ap&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Ae&lt;/b&gt; large, &lt;b&gt;Ape&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Api&lt;/b&gt; short and bristle-like, &lt;b&gt;Aai&lt;/b&gt; minute, rod-like, blunt, tapering towards apex, other chaetae as normal. AOIII of males with two sensilla in separate pits, &lt;b&gt;Ae&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Ap&lt;/b&gt; thick and curved into a shape of a horn or hook (Fig. 20, 23), &lt;b&gt;Api&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Ape&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Ai&lt;/b&gt; very short and bristle-like, &lt;b&gt;Aai&lt;/b&gt; minute, tapering towards apex.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ant IV subdivided into 18 subsegments with 22 whorls, formula is 1 + 16 + 1 = (AI&ndash;III) + (M1,16) + (BA + BM + BB), M1 to M16 each with eight chaetae and one or two sensilla, Ant. IV subapical organ present (Fig. 24).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Head: eyes 8 + 8 in a dark blue patch of pigment (Fig. 20), two pairs of interocular chaetae, a pair of interocular organ present medially in adult males. Posterior cephalic spines absent, postero-dorsal chaetotaxy &lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;D, E&lt;/b&gt; as 5,3,3,5,6, posantennal area with 3+3 smooth spots; interantennal region with two &lt;b&gt;&alpha;&lt;/b&gt;, two &lt;b&gt;&beta;&lt;/b&gt; and two &lt;b&gt;&gamma;&lt;/b&gt; chaetae and a pair of smooth spots; frontal head chaetotaxy &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; to &lt;b&gt;g&lt;/b&gt; as 12,12,10,11,13,12,8 (Fig. 25); two elongated narrow smooth areas present at proximal sides of clypeus, a pair of cuticular spines at distal part of clypeus is present in adult males, in juvenile males a pair of cuticular round papilla was observed. Labral chaetotaxy according to formula &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pl&lt;/b&gt; present 4,2,4,4 chaetae respectively. Labial ventral groove with 2+2 surrounding chaetae, four anterior labial chaetae; four labial basomedial chaetae (see Fig. 11). Labial palp with five proximal chaetae, formula: H, h1, h2; A (2); B, b1, b2, b3, b4, a1; C (3); D, d1, d2; E, e1, e2, l.p. (see Fig. 26)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Leg I: coxa, trochanter and femur with two, five (2 sensilla) and 16 (3 sensilla) chaetae respectively. Tibiotarsus as in Fig. 27, whorl I with nine chaetae, &lt;b&gt;Ja&lt;/b&gt; thick and curved, region &lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt; presents three primary &lt;b&gt;FP&lt;/b&gt; chaetae (&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pe&lt;/b&gt;), five secondary chaetae &lt;b&gt;FS&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;e&uarr;&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ai&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pi&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;pe&darr;&lt;/b&gt;). Pretarsus with one chaetae per side. Unguis inner tooth well developed, tunica present at distal part. Unguiculus with subapical filament exceeding unguis tip, corner tooth well developed (Fig. 27).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Leg II: coxa, trochanter and femur with two, five (1 sensillum) and 22 (6 sensilla) chaetae respectively. Tibiotarsus as in Fig. 28, whorl I with nine chaetae, &lt;b&gt;Ja&lt;/b&gt; thick and straight, region &lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt; with three primary &lt;b&gt;FP&lt;/b&gt; chaetae (&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pe&lt;/b&gt;), five secondary chaetae &lt;b&gt;FS&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;e&uarr;&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ai&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pi&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;pe&darr;&lt;/b&gt;). Pretarsus with one chaetae per side. Unguis with inner tooth, tunica present at distal part. Unguiculus with subapical filament exceeding unguis tip, corner tooth well developed (Fig. 28).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Leg III: coxa, trochanter and femur with four, five and 20 (2 sensilla) chaetae respectively, trochanteral spine present. Tibiotarsus as in Fig. 29, whorl I with nine chaetae, &lt;b&gt;Ja&lt;/b&gt; thick and straight, region &lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt; with three primary &lt;b&gt;FP&lt;/b&gt; chaetae (&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pe&lt;/b&gt;), five secondary chaetae &lt;b&gt;FS&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;e&uarr;&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ai&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pi&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;pe&darr;&lt;/b&gt;). Pretarsus with one chaetae per side. Unguis with a strong inner tooth, tunica present at distal part. Unguiculus lanceolate, with subapical filament exceeding unguis tip, corner tooth well developed (Fig. 29).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ventral tube presents 1 + 1 apical anterior chaetae. Ramus of the tenaculum tridentate, corpus presents two apical chaetae.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Furca: holotype manubrium, dens, mucro length (&micro;m) 181, 404, 165. Dens with 12 anterior chaetae, chaetotaxy &lt;b&gt;I&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ai&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;II&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;III&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;IV&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;ae, a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;V&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;VI&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;), formula 3:2:2:2:1:1:1. Posterior dental chaetotaxy (Fig. 30) &lt;b&gt;Ie, I&ndash;VIIpe, I&ndash;VIIIp, I&ndash;VIIpi, I&ndash;IIi, Bpe, Bp, Bpi&lt;/b&gt;. Mucro with both lamellae smooth, asymmetric tip; mucronal chaeta absent&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Great abdomen: all chaetae short, smooth and acuminated. Mesothorax with one &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; and three &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt; chaetae, metathorax with four &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt; and three &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt; chaetae. Trichobothrial complex: &lt;b&gt;ABC&lt;/b&gt; form an obtuse angle open backwards. &lt;b&gt;AB&lt;/b&gt; subequal to &lt;b&gt;BC&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;AB&lt;/b&gt; = 137, &lt;b&gt;BC&lt;/b&gt; = 143, &lt;b&gt;AC&lt;/b&gt; = 280). Abd. I six &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt; and one &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;; Abd. II chaetae &lt;b&gt;a1&lt;/b&gt; present, &lt;b&gt;b1&lt;/b&gt; equidistant, a little displaced anteriorly to &lt;b&gt;BC&lt;/b&gt;; chaetae &lt;b&gt;c1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;c2&lt;/b&gt; below the trichobothrium &lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;. Central dorsal complex presents three chaetae arranged in triangular patern and two mic. Posterior lateral complex with 5 + 6 chaetae and posterior dorsal complex presents dI = 7, dII = 9 and dIII = 7. Furca base complex presents 12 chaetae and a Neosminthuroid chaeta in male and female. Ventral complex presents two chaetae (see Fig. 17). Areas marked in Fig. 17 present a smoother cuticular ornamentation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Small abdomen of female: Abd. V with four chaetae and trichobothrium &lt;b&gt;D&lt;/b&gt; in a papilla at row &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, one superior and three inferior chaetae in row &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;. Abd. VI axial chaetae &lt;b&gt;ams1&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ms1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ps1&lt;/b&gt; present, &lt;b&gt;as1&lt;/b&gt; absent; chaetae &lt;b&gt;as2&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ai6&lt;/b&gt; absent, &lt;b&gt;ams2&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ams3&lt;/b&gt; present; &lt;b&gt;mps1&ndash;3&lt;/b&gt; bigger than other chaetae, somewhat swollen at the base; subanal appendage &lt;b&gt;mi5&lt;/b&gt; large, thick curved and acuminated, reaching the upper valve (Fig. 31).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Small abdomen of male: Abd. V with three chaetae and trichobothrium &lt;b&gt;D&lt;/b&gt; in a papilla at row &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, two superior and three inferior chaetae in row &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;. Abd. VI axial chaetae &lt;b&gt;as1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ams1&lt;/b&gt; absent, &lt;b&gt;ms1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ps1&lt;/b&gt; present; chaetae &lt;b&gt;as2&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ai6&lt;/b&gt; absent, &lt;b&gt;ams2&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ams3&lt;/b&gt; present; &lt;b&gt;mps1&ndash;3&lt;/b&gt; normal; male genital papilla with 4 rows (pre genital, a, m, p) with 3 (1 mic), 8, 4, 4 chaetae respectively (Fig. 32).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Calamitosus&lt;/i&gt; from Latin is that which causes or results from a calamity; disastrous; damaged. The species was named in memoriam to the people who died after the dam ruptures in 2015 and 2019 in the State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, in the iron ore exploitation areas.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution and habitat.&lt;/b&gt; Good&rsquo;s Biogeographic zone 27 (Good 1974, Culik &amp; Zeppelini 2003). The K&ouml;ppen&rsquo;s climate is As (K&ouml;ppen 1936, Shear 1966, Kottek &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 2006), with predominance of dry winter and wet summer, mean temperatures of 18&deg;C during winter and 22&deg;C in the summer.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Keratosminthurus calamitosus&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; was found in iron caves, just like &lt;i&gt;K. tapigu&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt;, in the area known as &ldquo;Iron Quadrangle&rdquo; (from Portuguese &lt;i&gt;Quadril&aacute;tero Ferr&iacute;fero&lt;/i&gt;), at the south of the State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. Along with Caraj&aacute;s, this is one of main mineral provinces of Brazil, due to its iron and gold beds. In this region the iron caves usually are less than 30m long in linear development, despite temperature, general surrounding environmental conditions are very similar to those found in Caraj&aacute;s, Northern Brazil. In the iron Quadrangle, the caves where the new species was recorded are inserted in the geomorphologic unit of Gandarela range and oriental cliff of Cara&ccedil;a (Oliveira &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 2011), in altitudes between 900&ndash;1400m, with vegetation composed by altitudinal rupestrian grasslands (Fig. 5 A&ndash;B right). This region presents great variation in temperatures and high level of solar radiation along the day. &lt;i&gt;Keratosminthurus calamitosus&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; was also found in the north of Minas Gerais State in limestone caves, extending the known distribution of the species across different geomorphologic units. Brazil is the second biggest iron ore producer worldwide, 60% of the annual production comes from Iron Quadrangle, this region is exploited since beginnings of XX century, and the mining promotes a complete change in the landscape, with irreversible impacts on different ecosystems. Impacts include the total suppression of caves ranked as low, medium or high relevance according to the Federal decree 6,640 (Brasil 2008). At last, when the ore processing is made by washing and sifting, an enormous amount of liquid mud is produced and deposited in dams build up on natural valleys. The implantation of these structures demands the suppression of natural drains, caves and forest, with drastic impact on the whole environment and biodiversity; in drastic occasions, the rupture of these dams have catastrophic environmental and humanitarian effects.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Keratosminthurus calamitosus&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; is the second species assigned to the new genus. What differentiate this species from &lt;i&gt;Keratosminthurus tapigu&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; is the presence of 12 chaetae (3,2,2,2,1,1,1) in the anterior dens (13 in &lt;i&gt;Keratosminthurus tapigu&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt;, 3,2,2,2,2,1,1), the Ant. IV divided into 18 subsegments (20 in &lt;i&gt;Keratosminthurus tapigu&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt;), and the presence of tunica and clear corner tooth in first unguiculus (respectivelly absent and reduced in &lt;i&gt;Keratosminthurus tapigu&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Zeppelini, Douglas, Brito, Roniere A., Zampaulo, Robson &amp; Lima, Estevam C. A., 2020, A new highly dimorphic genus of Sminthuridae (Collembola: Symphypleona) from Brazil, pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 4729 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 38-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.1.2, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3628975"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/3628975&lt;/a&gt

A new highly dimorphic genus of Sminthuridae (Collembola: Symphypleona) from Brazil

Zeppelini, Douglas, Brito, Roniere A., Zampaulo, Robson, Lima, Estevam C.A. (2020): A new highly dimorphic genus of Sminthuridae (Collembola: Symphypleona) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4729 (1): 25-46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4729.1.

Keratosminthurus tapigu Zeppelini & Brito & Zampaulo & Lima 2020, gen. nov.

&lt;i&gt;Keratosminthurus tapigu&lt;/i&gt; gen. nov. sp. nov. Zeppelini, Brito &amp; Lima &lt;p&gt;Figs. 1&ndash;3, 5&ndash;19, Table 1&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type material.&lt;/b&gt; holotype adult male on slide, Brazil, Par&aacute;, Cana&atilde; dos Caraj&aacute;s, Serra Sul S 11D (6&deg;23&rsquo;12.5&rdquo;S; 50&deg;21&rsquo;25.0&rdquo;W), 25.I.2014, leg. B. Nogueira. Holotype deposited at CRFS #5541.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Paratype adult female, Par&aacute;, Cana&atilde; dos Caraj&aacute;s, Serra Sul S 11D (6&deg;23&rsquo;12.6&rdquo;S; 50&deg;21&rsquo;25.0&rdquo;W), 30.X.2013, leg. K. Mise. Paratype deposited at CRFS #5503.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Paratype adult male on slide, Brazil, Par&aacute;, Cana&atilde; dos Caraj&aacute;s, Serra Sul S 11D (6&deg;23&rsquo;12.6&rdquo;S; 50&deg;21&rsquo;25.0&rdquo;W), 25.I.2014, leg. K. Mise. Paratype (CRFS #5448) deposited at CC /UFRN.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Paratype adult male on slide, Brazil, Par&aacute;, Cana&atilde; dos Caraj&aacute;s, Serra Sul S 11D (6&deg;23&rsquo;12.6&rdquo;S; 50&deg;21&rsquo;25.0&rdquo;W), 18.I.2014, leg. K. Mise. Paratype (CRFS #5545) deposited at MUZUSP.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; Holotype body length 1,184&micro;m, head 513 &micro;m. Color, brownish yellow body, whitish legs, antennae light purple, eyes in a patch of dark pigment (Fig. 5C left).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Antennae: holotype antennal segments length (&micro;m) I, II, III, IV = 103; 158; 252; 985. Ant I with four normal anterior chaetae, one chaeta and one mic in apical part on posterior side (Fig. 6). Ant II presents nine apical (2 mic), five medial and five basal chaetae (Fig. 7). AOIII of females with two sensilla in separate pits, &lt;b&gt;Ai&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Ap&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Ae&lt;/b&gt; large, &lt;b&gt;Ape&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Api&lt;/b&gt; short and bristle-like, &lt;b&gt;Aai&lt;/b&gt; minute, rod-like and tapering towards apex, other chaetae as normal (Fig. 1 C&ndash;D). AOIII of males with two sensilla in separate pits, &lt;b&gt;Ae&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Ap&lt;/b&gt; thick and curved into a shape of a horn or hook (Fig. 1 A&ndash;B and 8), &lt;b&gt;Ai&lt;/b&gt; normal, &lt;b&gt;Api&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Ape&lt;/b&gt; very short and bristle-like, &lt;b&gt;Aai&lt;/b&gt; tiny tapering towards apex. Ant IV subdivided into 20 subsegments with 22 whorls, formula is 1 + 18 + 1 = (AI&ndash;II) + (M1,17 + BA) + (BM1 + BB), M1 to M17 each with eight chaetae and one or two sensilla, BA with six chaetae, Ant. IV subapical organ present (Fig. 9).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Head: eyes 8 + 8 in blue patch of pigments, two interocular chaetae in each eye patch (Fig. 3), one pair of interocular organ composed of a vesicle adjacent to eye patch connected to a linear crenulated opening is present in adult males. Posterior cephalic spines absent, postero-dorsal chaetotaxy &lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;D, E&lt;/b&gt; as 5,3,3,5,6; postantennal area with 3+3 smooth (degranulated) circular spots; interantennal region with two &lt;b&gt;&alpha;&lt;/b&gt;, two &lt;b&gt;&beta;&lt;/b&gt; and two &lt;b&gt;&gamma;&lt;/b&gt; chaetae and a pair of circular smooth spots; frontal head chaetotaxy &lt;b&gt;a&ndash;g&lt;/b&gt;, 12,12,10,11,11,14,8 respectively; two elongated narrow smooth areas present at proximal sides of clypeus, and a pair of cuticular spines at distal part in adult males (Fig. 2). Labral chaetotaxy formula &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pl&lt;/b&gt; present 4,2,4,4 chaetae respectively (Fig. 10). Labial ventral groove with 2+2 surrounding chaetae, four anterior labial chaetae; four labial basomedial chaetae (Fig. 11). Labial palp with five proximal chaetae, formula: H, h1, h2; A (2); B, b1, b2, b3, b4, a1; C (3); D, d1, d2; E, e1, e2, l.p. (Fig. 11).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Leg I: coxa, trochanter and femur with two, five (2 sensilla) and 16 (3 sensilla) chaetae respectively. Tibiotarsus as in Fig. 12, whorl I with nine chaetae, &lt;b&gt;Ja&lt;/b&gt; thick and slightly curved, region &lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt; presents three primary &lt;b&gt;FP&lt;/b&gt; chaetae (&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pe&lt;/b&gt;), five secondary chaetae &lt;b&gt;FS&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;e&uarr;&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ai&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pi&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;pe&darr;&lt;/b&gt;). Pretarsus with one chaetae per side. Unguis inner tooth present, tunica absent. Unguiculus with subapical filament exceeding unguis tip, corner tooth absent or reduced (Fig. 12).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Leg II: coxa, trochanter and femur with two, five (1 sensillum) and 22 (6 sensilla) chaetae respectively. Tibiotarsus as in Fig. 13, whorl I with nine chaetae, &lt;b&gt;Ja&lt;/b&gt; thick and straight, region &lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt; with three primary &lt;b&gt;FP&lt;/b&gt; chaetae (&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pe&lt;/b&gt;), five secondary chaetae &lt;b&gt;FS&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;e&uarr;&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ai&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pi&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;pe&darr;&lt;/b&gt;). Pretarsus with one chaetae per side. Unguis with a very small inner tooth, tunica absent. Unguiculus with subapical filament exceeding unguis tip, corner tooth well developed (Fig. 13).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Leg III: coxa, trochanter and femur with four, five and 20 (4 sensilla) chaetae respectively, trochanteral spine present. Tibiotarsus as in Fig. 14, whorl I with nine chaetae, &lt;b&gt;Ja&lt;/b&gt; thick and straight, region &lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt; with three primary &lt;b&gt;FP&lt;/b&gt; chaetae (&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pe&lt;/b&gt;), five secondary chaetae &lt;b&gt;FS&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;e&uarr;&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ai&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;pi&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;pe&darr;&lt;/b&gt;). Pretarsus with one chaetae per side. Unguis with a reduced inner tooth, tunica absent. Unguiculus with subapical filament subequal or slightly longer than unguis, corner tooth well developed (Fig. 14).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ventral tube presents 1 + 1 apical anterior chaetae. Ramus of the tenaculum tridentate, corpus presents two apical chaetae.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Furca: holotype manubrium, dens, mucro length (&micro;m) 165, 393, 162. Dens with 13 anterior chaetae, chaetotaxy &lt;b&gt;I&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ai&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;II&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;III&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;ae&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;IV&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;ae, a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;V&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;ae, a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;VI&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;): &lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;), formula 3:2:2:2:2:1:1. Posterior dental chaetotaxy (Fig. 15) &lt;b&gt;Ie&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;I&ndash;VIIpe&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;I&ndash;VIIIp&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;I&ndash;VIIpi&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;I&ndash;IIi&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Bpe&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Bp&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Bpi&lt;/b&gt;. Mucro with both lamellae smooth, asymmetric tip; mucronal chaeta absent (Fig. 16).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Great abdomen: all chaetae short, smooth and acuminated. Mesothorax with one &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; and three &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt; chaetae, metathorax with four &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt; and three &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt; chaetae. Trichobothrial complex: &lt;b&gt;ABC&lt;/b&gt; form an obtuse angle opening backwards and &lt;b&gt;AB&lt;/b&gt; subequal to &lt;b&gt;BC&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;AB&lt;/b&gt; = 140&micro;m, &lt;b&gt;BC&lt;/b&gt; = 133&micro;m, &lt;b&gt;AC&lt;/b&gt; = 270&micro;m). Abd. I six &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt; and one &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;; Abd. II chaetae &lt;b&gt;a1&lt;/b&gt; present, &lt;b&gt;b1&lt;/b&gt; equidistant and aligned with &lt;b&gt;BC&lt;/b&gt;; chaetae &lt;b&gt;c1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;c2&lt;/b&gt; below trichobothrium &lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;. Central dorsal complex presents three chaetae arranged in triangular pattern and two microchaetae. Posterior lateral complex with 5 + 6 chaetae and posterior dorsal complex presents dI = 7, dII = 9 and dIII = 7. Furca base complex presents 12 and a Neosminthuroid chaeta in male and female. Ventral complex presents two chaetae (Fig. 17). Areas marked in Fig. 17 present a smoother cuticular ornamentation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Small abdomen of female: Abd. V with three chaetae and trichobothrium &lt;b&gt;D&lt;/b&gt; in a papilla at row &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, one superior and three inferior chaetae in row &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;. Abd. VI axial chaetae &lt;b&gt;ams1&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;ms1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ps1&lt;/b&gt; present, &lt;b&gt;as1&lt;/b&gt; absent; chaetae &lt;b&gt;as2&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ai6&lt;/b&gt; absent, &lt;b&gt;ams2&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ams3&lt;/b&gt; present; &lt;b&gt;mps1&ndash;3&lt;/b&gt; bigger than other chaetae but not spinelike; subanal appendage &lt;b&gt;mi5&lt;/b&gt; large, thick curved and acuminated, reaching upper valve (Fig. 18).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Small abdomen of male: Abd. V with three chaetae and trichobothrium &lt;b&gt;D&lt;/b&gt; in a papilla at row &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;, two superior and three inferior chaetae in row &lt;b&gt;p&lt;/b&gt;. Abd. VI axial chaetae &lt;b&gt;as1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ams1&lt;/b&gt; absent, &lt;b&gt;ms1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ps1&lt;/b&gt; present; chaetae &lt;b&gt;as2&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ai6&lt;/b&gt; absent, &lt;b&gt;ams2&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;ams3&lt;/b&gt; present; &lt;b&gt;mps1&ndash;3&lt;/b&gt; normal; male genital papilla with 4 rows (pre genital, a, m, p) with 2, 8, 4, 4 chaetae respectively (Fig. 19).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Tapig&uuml;&lt;/i&gt; is the word for horn in &lt;i&gt;Kuik&uacute;ru Karib&lt;/i&gt;, the ancient language of the indigenous people &lt;i&gt;Kuik&uacute;ru&lt;/i&gt; from &ldquo;Alto Xing&uacute;&rdquo; region in central Brazil.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution and habitat.&lt;/b&gt; Good&rsquo;s Biogeographic zone 26, extending eastward to zone 27 in the Northeastern region of Brazil (Good 1974, Culik &amp; Zeppelini 2003). The climate according to K&ouml;ppen&rsquo;s system is Af: Equatorial rainforest, fully humid (K&ouml;ppen 1936, Shear 1966, Kottek &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2006).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Most records of the new species are from Caraj&aacute;s, a speleological unit at the southeast of the Par&aacute; State, in iron caves located at the plateau of the mountain ranges Serra Norte, Serra Sul and Bocaina, and at the geomorphologic unit of S&atilde;o Felix do Xingu range (Fig. 4: N1, S11D, SB and SFX respectivelly) (Valentim &amp; Olivito 2011). This region has about 1000 caves in the official records of natural cavities (CECAV 2019), most of them located in altitude between 350&ndash;700m (Fig. 5A left). Iron caves, in general, has its genesis associated to predominantly erosive processes, and happens at the contact zone of the Banded Iron Formation (BIF) and the secondary superficial shields, named &ldquo;canga&rdquo;. Most caves in this formation are small, compared to those in limestone rocks, usually not exceeding 50m long in linear development (Fig. 5B). They are generally superficial, without a true aphotic zone, and present important amounts of litter close to the entrances. Even though, there are some few typical caves with hundreds of linear development. The region where the caves are inserted is protected by the association of the conservation unit called Floresta Nacional de Caraj&aacute;s (FLONA Caraj&aacute;s) and other conservation units in the Amazon Forest in southeast of Par&aacute; State. At the other hand, the natural areas in the region of S&atilde;o Felix do Xing&uacute; are extremely impacted and threatened by agriculture, livestock and illegal gold panning, leading to extensive deforestation, river siltation and contamination (Fig. 4C).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks.&lt;/b&gt; this is the first species described for the new genus and presents all the diagnostic features related to the sexual dimorphism as typical for it. Such features differentiate this species and genus from all other known Sminthuridae. The main similarities and differences with the closest related genera are those discussed in the remarks of the description of the new genus. The comparison of the two new species is presented ahead in the text.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Zeppelini, Douglas, Brito, Roniere A., Zampaulo, Robson &amp; Lima, Estevam C. A., 2020, A new highly dimorphic genus of Sminthuridae (Collembola: Symphypleona) from Brazil, pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 4729 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 30-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.1.2, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3628975"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/3628975&lt;/a&gt

Bat necrophagy by a whip-spider (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Phrynidae) in a cave in the eastern Brazilian Amazon

<div><p>ABSTRACT Amblypygids are among the main predators in the ferriferous caves in Carajás National Forest, state of Pará (Amazon region of Brazil). One of the most common amblypygid species in this region is Heterophrynus longicornis (Butler 1873), and its most frequent prey are crickets of the family Phalangopsidae, which are abundant in the caves of Pará. Because they are primarily predators, necrophagy by amblypygids is not frequent in nature, and there are only two literature records of necrophagy of bats by Amblypygi. On December 11th, 2013, we observed an individual H. longicornis eating a bat carcass in a Pará ferriferous cave. The amblypygid exhibited considerable interest in the bat’s carcass, and it did not interrupt its meal even when lamps or a camera’s flash were pointed in its direction. The availability of nutrients in the carcass must promote this opportunistic behavior in caves, especially considering the habitual scarcity of trophic resources in underground environments when compared to epigean environments.</p></div

FIG. 1. — A in Additions to the millipede fauna of an Amazonian ferruginous landscape: a new species of Pseudoporatia Golovatch, 1999 widespread in rock outcrops (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae)

FIG. 1. — A, Map of Brazil with Pará state in grey; B, Pará state highlighting the region where the specimens were collected; C, occurrences points of Pseudoporatia kananciue Iniesta, Bouzan, Souza & Brescovit, n. sp. in a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with the iron ore formations in red; D, E; living specimens inside caves. Photos: D, E: courtesy of I. Cizauskas and L. M. Rabello, respectively.Published as part of M., Luiz F., Iniesta, Bouzan, Rodrigo S., R., Claudio A., Souza, Zampaulo, Robson A., Cizauskas, Igor & Brescovit, Antonio D., 2023, Additions to the millipede fauna of an Amazonian ferruginous landscape: a new species of Pseudoporatia Golovatch, 1999 widespread in rock outcrops (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae), pp. 463-498 in Zoosystema 45 (16) on page 465, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a16, http://zenodo.org/record/834445

FIG. 6 in Additions to the millipede fauna of an Amazonian ferruginous landscape: a new species of Pseudoporatia Golovatch, 1999 widespread in rock outcrops (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae)

FIG. 6. — SEM of Pseudoporatia kananciue Iniesta, Bouzan, Souza & Brescovit, n. sp.: A, midbody ring, anterior view (IBSP 10929); B, detail of tergal region with limbus, anterior view (IBSP 10929); C, D, tergal microsculpture, anterior view (IBSP 10929); E, ventral region of female detailing the vulvae (IBSP 10822); F, detail of the vulvae, ventral view (IBSP 10822). Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, 100 µm; C, D, 10 µm; E, 400 µm; F, 200 µm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.Published as part of M., Luiz F., Iniesta, Bouzan, Rodrigo S., R., Claudio A., Souza, Zampaulo, Robson A., Cizauskas, Igor & Brescovit, Antonio D., 2023, Additions to the millipede fauna of an Amazonian ferruginous landscape: a new species of Pseudoporatia Golovatch, 1999 widespread in rock outcrops (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae), pp. 463-498 in Zoosystema 45 (16) on page 472, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a16, http://zenodo.org/record/834445

FIG. 2 in Additions to the millipede fauna of an Amazonian ferruginous landscape: a new species of Pseudoporatia Golovatch, 1999 widespread in rock outcrops (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae)

FIG. 2. — Habitus of Pseudoporatia kananciue Iniesta, Bouzan, Souza & Brescovit, n. sp. (IBSP 6528): A, male in dorsal view; B, male in ventral view, with detail of anterior region; C, female in dorsal view; D, female in ventral view, with detail of anterior region; E, male in lateral view. Arrows in B and D indicating the gonopods and cyphopods, respectively. Scale bars: 2 mm.Published as part of M., Luiz F., Iniesta, Bouzan, Rodrigo S., R., Claudio A., Souza, Zampaulo, Robson A., Cizauskas, Igor & Brescovit, Antonio D., 2023, Additions to the millipede fauna of an Amazonian ferruginous landscape: a new species of Pseudoporatia Golovatch, 1999 widespread in rock outcrops (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae), pp. 463-498 in Zoosystema 45 (16) on page 467, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a16, http://zenodo.org/record/834445