Determinants of Unlawful File Sharing: A Scoping Review

We employ a scoping review methodology to consider and assess the existing evidence on the determinants of unlawful file sharing (UFS) transparently and systematically. Based on the evidence, we build a simple conceptual framework to model the psychological decision to engage in UFS, purchase legally or do nothing. We identify social, moral, experiential, technical, legal and financial utility sources of the decision to purchase or to file share. They interact in complex ways. We consider the strength of evidence within these areas and note patterns of results. There is good evidence for influences on UFS within each of the identified determinants, particularly for self-reported measures, with more behavioral research needed. There are also indications that the reasons for UFS differ across media; more studies exploring media other than music are required

Closed captioned television: a perceived means to self-help in second language learning

Television as a Valuable Tool for Language Learning Television has been touted by many to be beneficial for second language learners for several reasons: (1) it allows the learner to receive aural and visual clues; (2) it enables cultural awareness and sociolinguistic language- knowledge; (3) it allows the viewer to observe the second language in an almost real-life communicative situation; (4) with no fear of forced production as in the classroom, there is less anxiety, which should allow for lowering of the affective filter, thus allowing for comprehensible input (Krashen, 1985). The Innovation in Closed Captioning As of July 1, 1993, yet another aspect of this medium is now readily available. To comply with a federal law, all television sets over thirteen inches in size that are sold in the United States, whether imported or locally manufactured, must contain the necessary device for decoding closed captioned programs. Originally closed captioning was developed for the hearing-impaired, but for a number of years it has been used in the United States as an aid for teaching English reading to hearing students. Presently closed captioned programs are transmitted over eight hundred hours per week, showing a doubling in the amount of time since 1990 (Parks, 1994).</p

Digital experience products:a review

With the dramatic increase in sales based on digital media, much conventional wisdom concerning supply chains and marketing seems to be under challenge. Terms arise and shift meaning, without a clear framework within which we can build theories and understanding. This paper uses the term digital experience product for the class of items in which we are interested. It justifies this by examining all three aspects of such items. They are digital because that is how they are realized. They are experience products because their value is in the experience they provide. They are products, since they can be exchanged as items which are then owned, or licensed, or used/ experienced by a different person(s). Having reviewed these underlying concepts, a full and unambiguous definition is achieved and it is possible to define a direction for future research. The paper concludes with a look forward to where this will take researchers

NMR Solution Structure and Topological Orientation of Monomeric Phospholamban in Dodecylphosphocholine Micelles

Phospholamban is an integral membrane protein that regulates the contractility of cardiac muscle by maintaining cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis. Abnormalities in association of protein kinase A with PLB have recently been linked to human heart failure, where a single mutation is responsible for dilated cardiomyopathy. To date, a high-resolution structure of phospholamban in a lipid environment has been elusive. Here, we describe the first structure of recombinant, monomeric, biologically active phospholamban in lipid-mimicking dodecylphosphocholine micelles as determined by multidimensional NMR experiments. The overall structure of phospholamban is “L-shaped” with the hydrophobic domain approximately perpendicular to the cytoplasmic portion. This is in agreement with our previously published solid-state NMR data. In addition, there are two striking discrepancies between our structure and those reported previously for synthetic phospholamban in organic solvents: a), in our structure, the orientation of the cytoplasmic helix is consistent with the amphipathic nature of these residues; and b), within the hydrophobic helix, residues are positioned on two discrete faces of the helix as consistent with their functional roles ascribed by mutagenesis. This topology renders the two phosphorylation sites, Ser-16 and Thr-17, more accessible to kinases

The structural topology of wild-type phospholamban in oriented lipid bilayers using 15N solid-state NMR spectroscopy

For the first time, 15N solid-state NMR experiments were conducted on wild-type phospholamban (WT-PLB) embedded inside mechanically oriented phospholipid bilayers to investigate the topology of its cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains. 15N solid-state NMR spectra of site-specific 15N-labeled WT-PLB indicate that the transmembrane domain has a tilt angle of 13° ± 6° with respect to the POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine) bilayer normal and that the cytoplasmic domain of WT-PLB lies on the surface of the phospholipid bilayers. Comparable results were obtained from site-specific 15N-labeled WT-PLB embedded inside DOPC/DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) mechanically oriented phospholipids' bilayers. The new NMR data support a pinwheel geometry of WT-PLB, but disagree with a bellflower structure in micelles, and indicate that the orientation of the cytoplasmic domain of the WT-PLB is similar to that reported for the monomeric AFA-PLB mutant