Effect of Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles on Smart Grid

Global electricity demands are increasing at rapid pace. Energy supply, their usage and technologies involved need to be more economical, environment friendly and socially sustainable. Efforts are being done all over the globe to reduce this green house effect; and renewable energy technologies to combat climate changes, which require extensive changes to the current electricity generation and distribution systems. To meet this goal, it is required to optimize the grid operations and available resources to meet the ever increasing energy demands in an efficient, effective and environment sustainable way. So strong and huge interests on smart grid have increased extensively in recent years around the world. This scenario could be a promising reason for future research in this area. This next form of electricity grid will be able to manage various parts of power production from power plants to the customers. Renewable energy sources appear strongly in smart grid so in this paper the effect of this sources will be studied also electric vehicles have a great effect on smart grid infrastructure ,communication and control this paper will discuss this effect if it come from the electric vehicle mode or vehicle to grid mode

SELF-ASSEMBLING HYDROGELS BASED ON Î’-CYCLODEXTRIN POLYMER AND POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) BEARING HYDROPHOBIC MOIETIES FOR PROTEIN DELIVERY

Objective: The development of injectable and stable hydrogels for protein delivery is a major challenge. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of polymerized β-CD for the formulation of stable hydrogels suitable for loading and release of bioactive agents and to investigate the mechanism of hydrogel formation. Methods: Hydrogels based on the inclusion complexation of polymerized β-cyclodextrin and cholesterol terminated poly(ethylene glycol) polymers were formed by rehydration of a lyophilized mixture of both polymers. The mechanism of hydrogel formation was investigated via isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. The release behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein from the modified gels was explored. Results: Rheological analysis demonstrated that the prepared hydrogels had a viscoelastic behavior even at elevated temperature (> 37 ˚C). There are two competing mechanisms for hydrogel formation. The first mechanism is the inclusion complexation between cholesterol moieties and β-CD cavities. The second one is the self association of cholesterol modified PEGs. β-CD had the ability to dissociate the PEG-cholesterol associations. The quantitative and complete release of BSA was observed within 4 weeks. Conclusion: The polymerized form of β-CD, rather than native β-CD is essential for the formation of stable hydrogels. These results were supported by the ability of the modified hydrogel system for loading and release of BSA, making such hydrogel systems promising devices in drug delivery applications

Bilateral Brachial Plexus Home Going Catheters After Digital Amputation for Patient With Upper Extremity Digital Gangrene

Peripheral nerve catheter placement is used to control surgical pain. Performing bilateral brachial plexus block with catheters is not frequently performed; and in our case sending patient home with bilateral brachial plexus catheters has not been reported up to our knowledge. Our patient is a 57 years old male patient presented with bilateral upper extremity digital gangrene on digits 2 through 4 on both sides with no thumb involvement. The plan was to do the surgery under sequential axillary blocks. On the day of surgery a right axillary brachial plexus block was performed under ultrasound guidance using 20 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine. Patient was taken to the OR and the right fingers amputation was carried out under mild sedation without problems. Left axillary brachial plexus block was then done as the surgeon was closing the right side, two hours after the first block was performed. The left axillary block was done also under ultrasound using 20 ml of 2% mepivacaine. The brachial plexus blocks were performed in a sequential manner. Surgery was unremarkable, and patient was transferred to post anesthetic care unit in stable condition. Over that first postoperative night, the patient complained of severe pain at the surgical sites with minimal pain relief with parentral opioids. We placed bilateral brachial plexus catheters (right axillary and left infra-clavicular brachial plexus catheters). Ropivacaine 0.2% infusion was started at 7 ml per hour basal rate only with no boluses on each side. The patient was discharged home with the catheters in place after receiving the appropriate education. On discharge both catheters were connected to a single ON-Q (I-flow Corporation, Lake Forest, CA) ball pump with a 750 ml reservoir using a Y connection and were set to deliver a fixed rate of 7 ml for each catheter. The brachial plexus catheters were removed by the patient on day 5 after surgery without any difficulty. Patient's postoperative course was otherwise unremarkable. We concluded that home going catheters are very effective in pain control postoperatively and they shorten the period of hospital stay

Novel gold nanoparticles coated with somatostatin as a potential delivery system for targeting somatostatin receptors

Targeting of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) like somatostatin-14 (SST-14) could have a potential interest in delivery of anti-cancer agents to tumor cells. Attachment of SST to different nano-carriers e.g., polymeric nanoparticles is limited due to the difficulty of interaction between SST itself and those nano-carriers. Furthermore, the instability problems associated with the final formulation. Attaching of SST to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the positive and negative charge of SST and citrate-AuNPs could be considered a new technique to get stable non-aggregated AuNPs coated with SST. Different analyses techniques have been performed to proof the principle of coating between AuNPs and SST. Furthermore, cellular uptake study on HCC-1809 cell lines has been investigated to show the ability of AuNPs coated SST to enter the cells via SST receptors. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicated a successful coating of SST on the MUA-AuNPs surface. Furthermore, all the performed analysis including DLS, SDS-PAGE and UV-VIS absorption spectra indicated a successful coating of AuNPs with SST. Cellular uptake study on HCC-1806 cell lines showed that the number of AuNPs-SST per cell is significantly higher compared to citrate-AuNPs when quantified using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Moreover, the binding of AuNPs-SST to cells can be suppressed by addition of antagonist, indicating that the binding of AuNPs-SST to cells is due to receptor-specific binding. In conclusion, AuNPs could be attached to SST via adsorption to get stable AuNPs coated SST. This new formulation has a potential to target SST receptors localized in many normal and tumor cells

Perovskite Solar Cells and Thermoelectric Generator Hybrid Array Feeding a Synchronous Reluctance Motor for an Efficient Water Pumping System

Nowadays, water pumping systems based on photovoltaics as a source of electricity have widely increased. System cost and efficiency still require enhancement in order to spread their application. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most hopeful third-generation photovoltaic for replacing the silicon-based photovoltaic thanks to their high power conversion efficiency, reaching 25.8%; tunable band-gap; long diffusion length; low fabrication temperature; and low cost. In this work, for the first time, we proposed a high-power-density hybrid perovskite solar cell thermoelectric generator (TEG) array for feeding a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) driving a water pump for use in an irrigation system. A control technique was used to achieve two functions. The first function was driving the motor to obtain the maximum torque/ampere. The second was harvesting the maximum perovskite solar cell array output power on the basis of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm using the perturbation and observation approach. Thus, the proposed hybrid perovskite solar cell–thermoelectric generator feeds the motor via an inverter without DC–DC converters or batteries. Accordingly, the short life problems and the high replacement cost are avoided. The proposed complete system was simulated via the MATLAB package. Moreover, a complete laboratory infrastructure was constructed for testing the proposed high-power-density hybrid perovskite solar cell–TEG array for the water pumping system. The results revealed that using the high-power-density hybrid perovskite solar cell–TEG array, both the motor’s output power and the pump’s flow rate were improved by 11% and 14%, respectively, compared to only using the perovskite solar cell array. Finally, both the simulation and experimental results proved the high-performance efficiency of the system in addition to showing its system complexity and cost reduction

Effect of Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles on Smart Grid

Global electricity demands are increasing at rapid pace. Energy supply, their usage and technologies involved need to be more economical, environment friendly and socially sustainable. Efforts are being done all over the globe to reduce this green house effect; and renewable energy technologies to combat climate changes, which require extensive changes to the current electricity generation and distribution systems. To meet this goal, it is required to optimize the grid operations and available resources to meet the ever increasing energy demands in an efficient, effective and environment sustainable way. So strong and huge interests on smart grid have increased extensively in recent years around the world. This scenario could be a promising reason for future research in this area. This next form of electricity grid will be able to manage various parts of power production from power plants to the customers. Renewable energy sources appear strongly in smart grid so in this paper the effect of this sources will be studied also electric vehicles have a great effect on smart grid infrastructure ,communication and control this paper will discuss this effect if it come from the electric vehicle mode or vehicle to grid mode

Employing dye-sensitized solar arrays and synchronous reluctance motors to improve the total cost and energy efficiency of solar water-pumping systems

In this work, a proposed high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic water-pumping system based on semitransparent dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is presented. DSSCs are low-cost third-generation photovoltaics that have gained a lot of interest as a promising alternative for silicon solar cells. DSSCs are fabricated at low cost and low temperature and present power conversions with high efficiency, exceeding 14%, thanks to high transparency, a variety of colors, and high efficiency, even in low light conditions. The DSSC modules used in this study were tested under different working conditions, and their characteristics were determined experimentally and simulated theoretically via MATLAB. A complete laboratory infrastructure is constructed to test the proposed photovoltaic water-pumping system based on the DSSC module array. The system contains a synchronous reluctance motor driving a water pump and feeding from the DSSCs via an inverter without DC–DC converters or batteries. The proposed system has many merits, such as high efficiency and low cost. The DSSCs’ maximum available power is obtained via a maximum power point tracking technique (perturb-and-observe). Moreover, a control system for driving the motor via the inverter was also implemented. The maximum torque per ampere strategy is also considered in the proposed control system to drive the motor efficiently using the inverter. Finally, experimental validation of the complete system via laboratory measurements is implemented

Evaluation of the derivative spectrophotometric technique for the quantification of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in their bulk drugs and pharmaceutical dosage forms

It was developed and validated as a sensitive, economical, and repeatable derivative visible-spectrophotometric method for determining ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and ofloxacin. The first, second, third, and fourth derivative spectra of the standard solutions were obtained by instrumental electronic differentiation with a delta lambda (Δλ) of 8 nm, and the spectra of the solutions were recorded in the range of 250–350 nm. The distances between the center zero baselines and the 280 nm negative peak were used to measure the analytical responses. The developed method achieves a low detection limit of 0.3 μg/L with a linear range of 2–20 μg/L. with a good precision (RSD ≤ 2.0%) The developed method is sensitive and precise. simple, accurate, and cost-effective, and exhibited a good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9998) and excellent mean recovery (99.20–100.08%), indicating a high degree of precision of the methods. The method's accuracy, precision, selectivity, robustness, and linearity were all demonstrated via a rigorous verification process in compliance with ICH guidelines. The recommended method may be used to control the quality of dosages that contain ofloxacien and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride as an active component since it is easy, inexpensive, and reliable enough

Layer-by-layer assembled gold nanoparticles for siRNA delivery

Although uptake into cells is highly complex and regulated, heterogeneous particle collectives are usually employed to deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) to cells. Within these collectives, it is difficult to accurately identify the active species, and a decrease in efficacy is inherent to such preparations. Here, we demonstrate the manufacture of uniform nanoparticles with the deposition of siRNA on gold in a layer-by-layer approach, and we further report on the cellular delivery and siRNA activity as functions of surface properties