Antal Kreminger, a Provost from Szeged in 1848-1849

Anthony Kreminger, a provost from Szeged, was a conservative clergyman following the spirit of Josephinism. Since the Emperor sanctioned the April Laws, Kreminger supported the changes in the spring and summer of 1848, which can be proved by several source materials in connection with the consecration of the 6th Honvéd Battalion's flag. However, he soon realized that the transformation was against the Emperor's and the Government of Vienna's interests. From autumn his opposition to the defensive warfare became more and more definite. He did not send off the circulars coming from the vicariate which had escaped to Makó, with only one exception. He also censored the Hungarian Government's decrees, and tried to turn the congregation against the war of independence. Szeged was under the control of the Hungarian Honvéds until 1 August 1849. The Hungarian authorities examined Kreminger's three cases. As a result of this, The Ecclesiastical Court of Csanad, with its seat in Makó at that time, restored him to his benefice. Later, on 27 July 1849 Mihály Horváth removed him, but finally, The Ecclesiastical Court of Csanad, with its seat in Temesvár, restored him again to his former benefice. Antal Kreminger did not support the War of Independence, but when the Emperor turned back to the Constitution in 1860 and 1867 Kreminger willingly followed his example

The influence of social and cultural practices on maternal mortality: a qualitative study from South Punjab, Pakistan

Background: A disproportionately high rate of maternal deaths is reported in developing and underdeveloped regions of the world. Much of this is associated with social and cultural factors, which form barriers to women utilizing appropriate maternal healthcare. A huge body of research is available on maternal mortality in developing countries. Nevertheless, there is a lack of literature on the socio-cultural factors leading to maternal mortality within the context of the Three Delays Model. The current study aims to explore socio-cultural factors leading to a delay in seeking care in maternal healthcare in South Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: We used a qualitative method and performed three types of data collection with different target groups: (1) 60 key informant interviews with gynaecologists, (2) four focus group discussions with Lady Health Workers (LHWs), and (3) ten case studies among family members of deceased mothers. The study was conducted in Dera Ghazi Khan, situated in South Punjab, Pakistan. The data was analysed with the help of thematic analysis. Results: The study identified that delay in seeking care-and the potentially resulting maternal mortality-is more likely to occur in Pakistan due to certain social and cultural factors. Poor socioeconomic status, limited knowledge about maternal care, and financial constraints among rural people were the main barriers to seeking care. The low status of women and male domination keeps women less empowered. The preference for traditional birth attendants results in maternal deaths. In addition, early marriages and lack of family planning, which are deeply entrenched in cultural values, religion and traditions-e.g., the influence of traditional or spiritual healers-prevented young girls from obtaining maternal healthcare. Conclusion The prevalence of high maternal mortality is deeply alarming in Pakistan. The uphill struggle to reduce deaths among pregnant women is firmly rooted in addressing certain socio-cultural practices, which create constraints for women seeking maternal care. The focus on poverty reduction and enhancing decision-making power is essential for supporting women's right to medical care.Plain language summary Round the world, many women are dying because of complications during pregnancy or in childbirth. These deaths are more frequent in developing and underdeveloped countries. Some reasons for this are related to social and cultural factors, which form barriers to women using appropriate maternal healthcare. Therefore, this study aims to explore socio-cultural factors leading to a delay in seeking maternal healthcare in South Punjab, Pakistan. We interviewed a variety of people to get an overview of this topic: (1) 60 interviews were conducted with gynaecologists, (2) we performed four focus group discussions with eight to ten Lady Health Workers providing maternal healthcare, and (3) we talked with family members of mothers who had died. The study shows that delays in seeking care are related to poor socioeconomic status, limited knowledge about maternal care, and low incomes of rural people. The low status of women and male domination keeps women less empowered. In addition, early marriages and lack of family planning due to cultural values, religion and traditions stopped young girls from getting maternal healthcare. The number of new mothers who die is very worrying in Pakistan. One of the important tasks for reducing deaths among pregnant women is to address certain socio-cultural practices. It is very important to reduce poverty and improve decision-making power to make sure women can use their right to medical care

Consanguineous marriages and their association with women’s reproductive health and fertility behavior in Pakistan: secondary data analysis from Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990–2018

Background: Pakistan has been showing consistently the highest prevalence of consanguinity. The popularity of consanguineous marriages is not declining in the country, because of social, cultural, and religious beliefs as well as economic advantages. However, couples also face various health-related implications, such as poor pregnancy outcomes or multiple reproductive and fertility consequences, having adverse effects on mothers and their children. This research investigated the trend of consanguineous marriages and their association with women's reproductive health and fertility behavior in Pakistan from 1990 to 2018. Methods: This study is based on secondary data analysis, using all four waves of the Pakistan Demographic Health Surveys carried out from 1990 to 2018. The analysis is limited to women aged 15-49 years, who had given birth in the previous five years preceding each survey. Sampling weights were calculated and subsequently weighted analysis was conducted. Descriptive statistics, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the association of consanguinity with multiple characteristics related to socio-demographics, co-variates, and women's reproductive health and fertility behaviors. Results: The findings revealed a high but overall stable trend of consanguinity prevalence of about 63% during the last three decades. Consanguineous marriages were more prevalent amongst young and uneducated women, living in rural areas, with poorer wealth status and having less exposure to mass media to access information. A strong association of consanguinity was observed with women's reproductive health and fertility behavior, particularly for women who gave first birth at a younger age, had multi-gravida pregnancies, multi-parity, pregnancy termination, ANC visits, and higher fertility. Conclusion: Consanguineous marriages are predominant in the patriarchal society of Pakistan. Findings revealed that consanguinity contributes significantly to women's reproductive health and fertility behaviors. Appropriate counseling, educational, and health promotional programs related to consanguinity should be designed and launched at the community level to raise awareness about risks towards women's reproductive health and fertility

A makói plébánia felülvizsgált története az 1848/49-es szabadságharcban

This essay was originally written by the author for a volume on the history of the parish of Makó. In the opinion of the editor, the parish priest of Mako’s struggle for 15 cords of firewood is an insult to the memory of the 1848/49 War of Independence, and the apostasy of his chaplain is also contrary to the theme of the book. His opinion must be respected, but we also consider it important to publish the material in its entirety. This is how this study was born, which deals with the history of the parish of Makó in 1848/49, based mainly on archival sources that have not been published so far

Surface reaction and interaction of NO +CO on catalyst

The adsorption and reaction of NO with CO has been investigated on supported Au Catalysts. The main method was FT IR spectroscopy. Although very limited dissociation of NO was noticed on reduced Au catalyst, catalytic tests showed that all the samples used effectively catalyse the NO+CO reaction above 573 K. By means of FTIR spectroscopy several new absorption bands have been detected on the Au samples, the position of which depended on the nature of the support: it was 2305 cm-1 for Au/SiO2, 2256 cm-1 for Au/Al2O3, 2212 cm-1 for Au/TiO2 and 2220-2230 cm-1 for Au/MgO. These bands were attributed to the asymmetric stretch of NCO attached to the oxides. This idea was strengthened by the results obtained following HNCO adsorption on supports alone, which gave the same absorption bands. It was demonstrated and assumed that an NCO species is formed on Au crystallites, and then migrates from the Au onto the acceptor sites of the support where it is accumulated and stabilized. The Au-NCO species was characterized by an absorption band at 2185-2195 cm-1 produced either by the low temperature reaction or by the adsorption of HNCO on Au/SiO2