Deterministic Static Sensor Node Placement in Wireless Sensor Network based on Territorial Predator Scent Marking Behaviour

An optimum sensor node placement mechanism for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is desirable in ensuring the location of sensor nodes offers maximum coverage and connectivity with minimum energy consumption. This paper proposes a sensor node placement algorithm that utilizes a new biologically inspired optimization algorithm that imitates the behaviour of a territorial predator in marking their territories with their odours known as Territorial Predator Scent Marking Algorithm (TPSMA). The main objectives considered in this paper are to achieve maximum coverage and minimum energy consumption with guaranteed connectivity. A simulation study has been carried out to compare the performance of the proposed algorithm implemented in two different single objective approaches with an Integer Linear Programming based algorithm. The proposed single objective approaches of TPSMA studied in this paper are TPSMA with minimum energy and TPSMA with maximum coverage. Simulation results show that the WSN deployed using the proposed TPSMA sensor node placement algorithm is able to arrange the sensor nodes according to the objective required; TPSMA with maximum coverage offers the highest coverage ratio with fewer sensor nodes up to 100% coverage while TPSMA with minimum energy consumption utilized the lowest energy as low as around 4.85 Joules. Full connectivity is provisioned for all TPSMA approaches since the constraint of the optimization problem is to ensure the connectivity from all sensor nodes to the sink node

Studies of PMMA-(MgCF3SO3)2 gel polymer electrolytes for magnesium battery applications / Nurul Husna binti Zainol

In the present work, the gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) comprising of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a host polymer in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) as a plasticizing solvent with various concentrations of magnesium triflate as a dopant salt have been prepared by the solution casting technique. The ionic conductivity of the GPE films was determined using AC impedance spectroscopy. The film containing 20 wt.% of magnesium triflate salt exhibited the highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 1.27 × 10-3 S cm-1. The conductivity-temperature studies of the GPE films follow the Arrhenius behavior with activation energy determined to be in the range of 0.18 - 0.26 eV. The transport number of magnesium ions in the GPEs was evaluated using the combination of AC impedance spectroscopy and DC polarization techniques. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies confirmed the increased in conductivity is due to increase of free ions and decrease in ion aggregates. The increase and decrease in the number of free ions can also be implied from the dielectric constant, r-frequency plots. Thermal studies indicate that the GPE films are stable over a wide temperature range, 30 C – 130 C. XRD and FESEM studies revealed that the increased in amorphous region of GPE films lead to higher conductivity of the films. The electrochemical stability of the GPE film has been tested using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Studies based on AC impedance and cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirm Mg2+ ion conduction in the GPE film. The highest conducting GPE film was used as an electrolyte in MgGPEMnO2 cell. The GPE film appears to be excellent substitute for the liquid electrolyte in rechargeable magnesium batteries

Synthesis and characterization of Ti-doped MgMn2O4 cathode material for magnesium ion batteries

Magnesium batteries demonstrate potential candidate for next-generation energy storage devices because of their high energy density and low raw-materials costs. In comparison with lithium, magnesium is inherently much safer due to its air stable and environmental friendly. In the present work, magnesium manganese oxide (MgMn 2 O 4 ) with Ti-doped was synthesized by a self-propagating combustion method using citric acid as a reducing agent. The precursors of MgMn 2 O 4 and MgMn (2-x) Ti x O 4 , (x = 0.1) were annealed at 700 °C for 24 h. The prepared samples were further characterized by using Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Then, the optimized sample was used as cathode in magnesium ion battery using polymer-based electrolyte. The charge-discharge profile of the fabricated battery was discussed

Custody of children in domestic violence cases / Afi Afifah Razali...[et al]

This research traces the custodial status of child victim in domestic violence cases. The focus is on protecting the interest of the chid victim by ensuring that the statutory provisions dealing with the issue of domestic violence in Malaysia are sufficient to protect the child victim. The statutory provisions that have been considered include the Malaysian Domestic Act 1994 (DVA), the Malaysian Child Act 2001 (CA), the Guardianship of Infants Act 1961 (GIA), and the Law Reform of (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 (LRA). Comparison was made between four situations in domestic violence cases where the issue of custody of the child victim might arise. The first situation concerns on the custodial status of the child victim when both parents are abusive. The second situation concerns on the custodial status during the continuance of the period of IPO. The third situation is when domestic violence leads to the divorce of the parents. The fourth situation is when domestic violence happened but there was no divorce between the parents. Until today, there is no specific provision made in relation to the custody of the child victim in domestic violence cases. Thus this research will discuss the issue on the custodial status of the child victim in such cases in order to provide a better protection for the children

Calculating the Moduli Elasticity For Reinforced Concrete Using New Rule of Mixtures Approach for the Dam Structure

Dam is the important structure use for water domestic store, electricity power supply, irrigation and flood control. Dam deal with reinforced concrete as a main material in construction. the material considerable safe when ability to support external and internal load. the capability of dam material due to safety is effect by degradation. Prevention monitoring must be conducted for high risk structure. Thus, moduli elastic is a mechanical property to measure stiffness and had relationship between stress and strain of material. While non-destructive and destructive testing in site inspection does not include reinforce and give incorrect moduli elasticity. New approach rule of mixture (Rom) with solid work software refer to United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) standard design for small dam, give reliability monitoring with true sustain modulus elasticity of dam structure time by time. the concrete properties for sustain of moduli elasticity standard type gravity concrete dam value is 20.684 GPa. If the value decreases drastically from the standard, high precaution must be taken

Prediction of the Flow-Induced Vibration Response of the Chenderoh Dam Left Bank Section

Flow-induced vibration is a common phenomenon that happened in any of dam structures during the operational condition. This includes the effect of water spilling from the upstream to the downstream of the dam due to high water volume at the upstream side. the release of water from the dam can be beneficial in generating the electricity source to the surrounding areas. However, in some cases, the spill of water can induced the significant vibration effects to the dam structure. In this study, the prediction of the flow-induced vibration response at the left bank section of the real scale Malaysian Chenderoh Dam model is simulated using the ANSYS software. the input force disturbances from the flow of the water at the left bank section during the normal water spilling condition is investigated. the results of frequency domain response and operational defection shapes (ODS) from the effect of flow-induced vibration are compared with the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the dam. From the results, the transient vibration responses due to the flow of water happened at the frequency of 13.3 Hz while the natural frequency of the left bank section occurred at 52.3 Hz, which indicates that there is no resonance phenomenon for the normal case of water spilling at the left bank section of the dam structure. This result is useful for the dam operation section in order to avoid any disaster of the dam structure

Structural Dynamic Analysis of the Chenderoh Dam Sector Gate Section

The dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and frequency response function (FRF) are the important characteristics to be investigated to access the level of durability of any dam structures. These characteristics are important since it will be the reference information for any operational methods to be used for the dam structures. In this study, one of the real dam (i.e., Chenderoh Dam) that available in Malaysia is taken into consideration, where the dynamic analysis of the sector gate section of the dam structure is investigated. the real scale of the sector gate section is measured on site and modelled into the CAD software with the consideration of real build-in materials. Then, the finite element (FE) model is constructed in ANSYS software with the required boundary condition and meshing sensitivity analysis. From the result of modal analysis, 30 natural frequencies are determined in the range of 0.5904 Hz to 8.471 Hz together with the mode shapes but only the most significant natural frequencies will be shown in this paper. In addition, all three axes of the FRF graphs show an agreement for the highest natural frequency value at 7.95 Hz, where the maximum deflection occurred in x axis direction with 2.03 × 10-7 m