Pengaruh Rasio Susu Full Cream Dengan Jagung Manis (Zea Mays Saccharata) Terhadap Nilai Gizi, Sifat Fisik Dan Organoleptik Es Krim

  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh rasio susu full cream dengan jagung manis (Zea mays saccharata) terhadap sifat fisik, nilai gizi dan organoleptik es krim. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan faktor tunggal dan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Perlakuan terdiri atas P1 (susu full cream 100% : jagung manis 0%), P2 (susu full cream 75% : jagung manis 25%), P3 (susu full cream 50% : jagung manis 50%), P4 (susu full cream 25% : jagung manis75%) dan P5 (susu full cream 0% : jagung manis 100%).  Parameter yang diamati meliputi kadar air, lemak, β-karoten, overrun, resistensi dan organoleptik warna, aroma, tekstur dan rasa. Data hasil pengamatan diuji dengan analisis keragaman pada taraf nyata 5% dan 1% menggunakan software Co-Stat. Perlakuan yang berbeda nyata diuji lanjut menggunakan Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) dengan taraf nyata yang sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio susu full cream dengan jagung manis (Zea mays saccharata) memberikan memberikan pengaruh yang sangat nyata terhadap kadar air, kadar β-karoten, pengaruh yang nyata terhadap overrun, resistensi, tekstur hedonik dan warna, aroma, tekstur serta rasa skoring, namun memberikan pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata terhadap warna, aroma dan rasa hedonik es krim. Rasio susu full cream 75% dan jagung manis 25% memberikan hasil yang terbaik dan dapat diterima oleh panelis.   Kata kunci: susu full cream, jagung manis, es krim

Psyhoemotional Aspects for Creative Potential Development within the Framework of Schoolchildren Informational Culture Environment

Objective: In the process of creativity, the child develops intellectually and emotionally, determines its attitude towards life and its place in life, acquires the experience of collective interaction, improves its skills in working with various tools and materials. Background: At present times, which most researchers refer to as the era of"creative information culture", the potential for creative development of students is of interest to both scientists and teachers. This paper considers creativity as a child's sense-creating ability, as a student's ability to form a model of the surrounding microcosm in the consciousness, which most often develops based on reading and processing information. This feature determines the uniqueness of the value-semantic attitude of children with inclusion to the world in general and to information, in particular. Method: The study used materials from textbooks and manuals. Learning programs for children with developmental standards were studied. The level of students' creative thinking was tested. Methods for its development are derived. Results: Various sources of information make up such a picture of the child's world in which a certain value-semantic core is gradually formed. On extensive material through comparative analysis it is proved that the creative component is characterised by the manifestation of fantasy and imagination in all the diverse informational aspects; the need for new information; dedication to the process of cognition; the desire to master the basics of creative search activity; manifestation of independence in the selection of means and methods of cognition; desire for co-creation with adults. In the process of creativity, the child develops intellectually and emotionally, determines his attitude to life and his place in it, acquires the experience of collective interaction, and improves his skills in working with various tools and materials. Conclusion: According to the author, it is an artistic and creative activity that actualises the inner potential of the child, reveals his creative abilities, allows us to define the artistic and creative self-realisation of a pre-schooler as an organised process of targeted pedagogical

Effect of adsorption parameter on the removal of aspirin using tyre waste adsorbent

In recent years, pharmaceutical compound has been detected in small concentration in our surface and ground water. This detection raises a lot of concern as is it reported that pharmaceutical compound can bring adverse effect to the environment even at low concentration. Besides that, there is a growing fear that this compound will eventually end up in human drinking water, thus effecting human health. This prompt a lot of research on the removal method for this particular compound. Adsorption is seen as the most viable option because of its high efficiency, low cost and it is environmentally friendly. In this study, the adsorbent used is carbon black derived from tyre waste via pyrolysis at 800 ºC. The carbon black was treated with 6 M of nitric acid (HNO3) at 90 °C for 0.5 h before being subjected to thermal treatment at 600 °C for 1 h. The response of the adsorption study is the removal of aspirin. There were five adsorption parameters that were varied in this study which are the contact time (until equilibrium), initial pH of aspirin solution (pH 3, pH 7, pH 11), temperature (30, 50, 70 °C), initial concentration (10-100 mg/L) and adsorbent dosage (0.1 g, 0.5 g, 1.0 g). The best removal capacity obtained was 40.40 mg/g of aspirin at pH 3, temperature of 30 °C, 100 mg/L initial concentration and 0.02 g adsorbent dosage

The need for national medical licensing examination in Saudi Arabia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Medical education in Saudi Arabia is facing multiple challenges, including the rapid increase in the number of medical schools over a short period of time, the influx of foreign medical graduates to work in Saudi Arabia, the award of scholarships to hundreds of students to study medicine in various countries, and the absence of published national guidelines for minimal acceptable competencies of a medical graduate.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>We are arguing for the need for a Saudi national medical licensing examination that consists of two parts: Part I (Written) which tests the basic science and clinical knowledge and Part II (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) which tests the clinical skills and attitudes. We propose this examination to be mandated as a licensure requirement for practicing medicine in Saudi Arabia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The driving and hindering forces as well as the strengths and weaknesses of implementing the licensing examination are discussed in details in this debate.</p

Physiological basis and image processing in functional magnetic resonance imaging: Neuronal and motor activity in brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is recently developing as imaging modality used for mapping hemodynamics of neuronal and motor event related tissue blood oxygen level dependence (BOLD) in terms of brain activation. Image processing is performed by segmentation and registration methods. Segmentation algorithms provide brain surface-based analysis, automated anatomical labeling of cortical fields in magnetic resonance data sets based on oxygen metabolic state. Registration algorithms provide geometric features using two or more imaging modalities to assure clinically useful neuronal and motor information of brain activation. This review article summarizes the physiological basis of fMRI signal, its origin, contrast enhancement, physical factors, anatomical labeling by segmentation, registration approaches with examples of visual and motor activity in brain. Latest developments are reviewed for clinical applications of fMRI along with other different neurophysiological and imaging modalities

Study of the distribution of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor and healthy individuals in Tehran, Iran

BACKGROUND: Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial infection of the stratum corneum which caused by a group of yeasts formerly named pityrosporium. The taxonomy of these lipophilic yeasts has recently been modified and includes seven species referred as Malassezia. The aim of this study is to compare the distribution of Malassezia species isolated from pityriasis versicolor lesions and those isolated from healthy skins. METHODS: Differentiation of all malassezia species performed using morphological features and physiological test including catalase reaction, Tween assimilation test and splitting of esculin. RESULTS: In pityriasis versicolor lesions, the most frequently isolated species was M. globosa (53.3%), followed by M. furfur (25.3%), M. sympodialis(9.3%), M. obtusa (8.1%) and M. slooffiae (4.0%). The most frequently isolated species in the skin of healthy individuals were M. globosa, M. sympodialis, M. furfur, M. sloofiae and M. restricta which respectively made up 41.7%, 25.0%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 3.3% of the isolated species. CONCLUSIONS: According to our data, M. globosa was the most prevalent species in the skin of healthy individuals which recovered only in the yeast form. However, the Mycelial form of M. globosa was isolated as the dominant species from pityriasis versicolor lesions. Therefore, the role of predisposing factors in the conversion of this yeast to mycelium and its subsequent involvement in pityriasis versicolor pathogenicity should be considered

Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial

Background: The EMPA KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. Methods: EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. Findings: Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5–2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62–0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16–1·59), representing a 50% (42–58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all &gt;0·1). Interpretation: In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. Funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council

The Effect of Iron Limitation on the Transcriptome and Proteome of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5

One of the most important micronutrients for bacterial growth is iron, whose bioavailability in soil is limited. Consequently, rhizospheric bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens employ a range of mechanisms to acquire or compete for iron. We investigated the transcriptomic and proteomic effects of iron limitation on P. fluorescens Pf-5 by employing microarray and iTRAQ techniques, respectively. Analysis of this data revealed that genes encoding functions related to iron homeostasis, including pyoverdine and enantio-pyochelin biosynthesis, a number of TonB-dependent receptor systems, as well as some inner-membrane transporters, were significantly up-regulated in response to iron limitation. Transcription of a ribosomal protein L36-encoding gene was also highly up-regulated during iron limitation. Certain genes or proteins involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), orfamide A and pyrrolnitrin, as well as a chitinase, were over-expressed under iron-limited conditions. In contrast, we observed that expression of genes involved in hydrogen cyanide production and flagellar biosynthesis were down-regulated in an iron-depleted culture medium. Phenotypic tests revealed that Pf-5 had reduced swarming motility on semi-solid agar in response to iron limitation. Comparison of the transcriptomic data with the proteomic data suggested that iron acquisition is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels