La Bande Des Quatre: Nineteenth-century Artistic and Literary Sources in Late Nouvelle Vague Filmmaking

This thesis examines the different ways the cinemas of Éric Rohmer, Jacques Rivette, François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard adapted literary and artistic motifs characteristic of the nineteenth-century romantic and realist traditions, from the 1960s to the 1980s. The selection of these four directors is based on their early and formative commitment to the politique des auteurs, a film criticism trend that was significantly indebted to central aesthetic precepts of the realist and naturalist novels. The profound social changes of the 1960s led directors, artists and writers to question long-accepted ideas about representation and authorship. The left-wing culture in France, which envisioned art and political protest as an inseparable whole, extensively criticised the nineteenth-century discourse on the realist novel as the outward revelation of the author's inner life. As a result, critics rapidly considered the politique des auteurs and, by extension, the universalist and openly westerncentric premises of the Nouvelle Vague as unpersuasive and dismissible. This thesis acknowledges that the relation these directors maintained with nineteenth-century thought has been overshadowed by scholarship on their individual careers, a research tendency that consolidates the notion of rupture and discontinuity between Rohmer, Rivette, Truffaut and Godard's filmographies. However, each one of them commonly returned to nineteenth-century sourcing and imagery in the post-1968 period through adaptations and transpositions of Heinrich von Kleist, Honoré de Balzac, Adèle Hugo, Prosper Mérimée and so on. As the first work to regroup this 'gang of four' in the aftermath of Rohmer's forced resignation in Cahiers du cinéma, this thesis argues that their approaches to the nineteenth-century cultural legacy should be assessed as distinct forms of reaffirming, revising, challenging and commenting on their former vision of cinema as a novelistic space, able to manifest the essence of sheer appearances. As the chapters will demonstrate, their engagements with nineteenth-century art and literature are complex. They are, on the one hand, inflected by their personal responses to the politicisation of the 1960s and 1970s French film culture and, on the other hand, informed by their individual understanding of the role of nineteenth-century narratives and aesthetic patterns within the framework of modern filmmaking. The introduction chapter lays the theoretical foundations of the Nouvelle Vague's early engagements with notions of romanticism and realism and, in light of the existing scholarship, establishes the aims and methodology of this thesis. Chapter two examines Rohmer's cinematic transposition of Balzac's rhetorical realism and analyses the paradoxes and modernist potential of the director's neoclassical film aesthetics in Die Marquise von O... (1976). Chapter three explores the ways Rivette turns the Balzacian myths of Icarus and Pygmalion into more immediate accounts on his contemporaries' struggle for unalienated and totalising works of art through Out 1: Noli me tangere (1971) and La Belle Noiseuse (1991). Chapter four analyses Truffaut's long series of engagements with nineteenth-century imagery and explores the reasons why L'enfant sauvage (1970), Les deux anglaises et le continent (1971), L'histoire d'Adèle H. (1975) and La chambre verte (1978) coincided with his growing conservatism. Chapter five develops Godard's relationship with the romantic legacy through the case-studies of Passion (1982) and Prénom Carmen (1983) - films which allude to Charles Baudelaire's entangled notions of spleen and the ideal and give an unprecedented attention to the aesthetics of chiaroscuro. The conclusion chapter establishes points of convergences and contrasts between the four directors through a comparative account that also addresses the ways in which their individual stands towards the romantic and realist legacies have evolved

The study of TAAAA polymorphism in p53 gene and its association with colorectal cancer

زمینه و هدف: تغییرات ژنتیکی در ژن p53 با تومورزایی به­خصوص تومورهای جامد مانند کولون، ریه و پستان در ارتباط می باشند. تاکنون مطالعه ای در مورد ارتباط تعداد تکرارهای TAAAA واقع در اینترون 1 ژن p53 و سرطان کولورکتال صورت نگرفته است. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی پلی مورفیسم TAAAA واقع در اینترون 1 ژن p53 در بین مبتلایان به سرطان کولورکتال و افراد سالم و ارتباط آن با سرطان کولورکتال می باشد. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش، نمونه خون 151 فرد مبتلا به سرطان کولورکتال و 180 فرد سالم جمع آوری و بررسی شد. پس از استخراج DNA ژنومی از خون محیطی و تکثیر توالی مورد نظر، تعداد تکرار و توالی TAAAA به­وسیله الکتروفورز بر روی ژل پلی آکریل آمید و تعیین توالی به­دست آمد. یافته ها: در این مطالعه، 5 آلل متفاوت از تکرار TAAAA بین 6 تا 10 تکرار و 13 ترکیب آللی (ژنوتیپ) مختلف در بین افراد شاهد و مورد مشاهده شد. بیشترین فراوانی آللی در میان افراد مورد و شاهد مربوط به آلل 8 تکرار بود. تعداد ژنوتیپ های هموزیگوت مساوی یا کوچک تر از 8 در افراد شاهد بیشتر از بیمار می باشد. بر عکس تعداد ژنوتیپ های مساوی و بزرگ تر از 9 (9/9 و 1/9) در افراد بیمار بیشتر است. به­علت تعداد کم نمونه ها محاسبات آماری ارتباط معنی داری را نشان نمی دهد. هیچ ارتباطی بین این ژنوتیپ ها با متاستاز و سن فرد مشاهده نشد. نتیجه گیری: مطالعات ما ارتباط معنی داری را بین پلی مورفیسم تکرار TAAAA در ژن p53 و خطر ابتلا به سرطان کولورکتال نشان نداد

Educational need assessment of infertile women admitted to yazd reproductive sciences institute

The purpose of this study was to assess the educational need of infertile women admitted to Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in Yazd, Iran. The statistical population included 200 infertile women who were selected through convenience sampling method. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with statistical validity and reliability. Data were collected through interviews and self-reports and then analyzed using SPSS v.16 along with descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The mean awareness scores of factors related to infertility, sexual satisfaction and nutritional needs were 4.36, 4.03, and 5.02, respectively. There was a significant relationship between awareness of infertility factors and variables such as level of education, spouse’s level of education and place of residence. Moreover, there was a non-significant relationship between awareness of infertility factors and variables such as age, spouse’s age, profession, spouse’s profession, number of referrals to the institute, and insurance type. There was also a significant relationship between awareness of nutritional needs and profession; whereas a non-significant relationship was seen between the specified awareness and variables such as age, spouse’s age, spouse’s profession, level of education, spouse’s level of education, number of referrals to the institute, place of residence and insurance type. Conclusion: Since the studied participants exhibited limited awareness of related factors to infertility, it appears that developing a proper training program to raise awareness of infertility followed by its implementation and evaluation is necessary

Association between social cognitive theory constructs and fruit and vegetable's consumption in adolescent girls

Background: Unfortunately just a few numbers of children and adolescents use sufficient amounts of fruit and vegtabless. This study aimed to investigate the Association between social cognitive theory constructs and fruit and vegetables consumption in adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive analytic study conducted on 308 high school girls (first grade) who were selected by cluster sampling method in Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. A researcher made questionnaire was used to collect the needed data like demographic variables, substructures of perceived self-efficacy, outcome expectations and outcome evaluation. In order to investigate the fruit and vegetables consumption status, the standard questionnaire of Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software. Results: The mean scores of outcome expectation, outcome evaluation and perceived self-efficacy were 35.52±16.26, 34.60±20.21 and 32.55±19.81, respectively of the total score of 100. The mean scores of fruit and vegetables consumption and vegetables consumption were reported as 1.45±0.68 and 1.47±0.95, respectively, as well. There was a direct significant correlation between adolescents' perceived self-efficacy and outcome expectations (P = 0.034, r = 0.040). A direct significant correlation was also observed between fruit consumption and both outcome evaluation (P = 0. 033, r = 0.012), and perceived self-efficacy (P = 0.051, r =0.064). Conclusion: Regarding the status of fruit and vegetables consumption and the mean scores of social cognitive theory constructs and relationship between them and also the importance of promoting healthy diet in the critical period of adolescence, it seems necessary to use efficient patterns and theories of health education and promotion has been considered

The Relationship Between Perceived Stress Level and Consumption of Fast Foods Among Female Students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences

the present research aimed to study the relationship between the consumption of fast foods with perceived stress level among female students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present research was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study which was conducted on female students of different faculties and majors in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2016-2017. Out of the study population, 152 students were selected as the sample using random cluster sampling method. The required data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire , a standard 14-item scale for the measurement of perceived stress level, and a checklist to record the number of fast foods consumption (daily, weekly, and monthly). Finally, the data were statistically analyzed using descriptive and analytic tests in SPSS-18. Participation in the study was voluntary. Results: The results showed that 45.4% of students participated in this study aged 18-20, 16.4% of them were studying in General Hygiene, and 85.8% were a B.S. student. The mean score of perceived stress and fast foods consumption was 51.36±13.52 and 12.42±5.42, respectively. The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between age and perceived stress and also between mother’s educational attainment and perceived stress Conclusion: Considering the relationship between perceived stress and fast foods consumption in university students, it is necessary to apply effective patterns and theories of health education and promotion and also to pay attention to interpersonal and environmental factors in order to reduce stress and encourage healthy diets eating habits. Keywords Stress, Fast foods, University, Student, Health

The Relationship Between Perceived Stress Level and Consumption of Fast Foods among Female Students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences

Background and aims: Nowadays, with the advancement of science and technology, lifestyle has changed and fast foods are being commonly consumed. Due to their special circumstances, university students are susceptible to stress, anxiety, and bad nutritional patterns and, because of the consumption of high amounts of fat and salt and physical inactivity, are at increased risk of overweight and obesity. Therefore, the present research was conducted to study the relationship between the consumption of fast foods and perceived stress level among female students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present research was a descriptive-analytical study conducted on female students of different faculties and majors in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2016-2017. From the study population, 152 students were selected as the samples using random cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire (age, major, parents’ education level, education level, and place of residence), a standard 14-item scale for the measurement of perceived stress level, and a checklist to record the frequency of fast foods consumption in university and home or dormitory (daily, weekly, and monthly). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and analytical tests (chi-squared, independent t test, and Spearman’s and Pearson’s correlation coefficients) in SPSS 18. Participation in the study was voluntary. Results: Results showed 45.4% of participants aged 18-20, 16.4% of whom were studying in public health, and 85.8% were BSc students. The mean scores of perceived stress and fast foods consumption were 51.36 ± 13.52 and 12.42 ± 5.42, respectively. There was a significant relationship between age and perceived stress (P = 0.000), and between mother’s education level and perceived stress (P = 0.011). There was no significant relationship between the mean score of perceived stress and fast foods consumption in participants (P = 0.072) Conclusion: Considering the level of perceived stress and fast foods consumption in university students, it is necessary to apply effective patterns and theories of health education and promotion and also to direct attention to interpersonal and environmental factors to reduce stress and encourage healthy eating habits

The Relationship Between Tendency to Computer Games and the Mental Health of Junior High School Students of Shahr-e Kord, Iran

Background and aims: Given that computer games have positive and negative functions and may affect the mental health of individuals, the present research aimed to study the relationship between the tendency to playing computer games and the mental health of junior high school students in Shahr-e Kord. Methods: The current cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 245 boy and girl junior high school students of Shahr-e Kord in 2016. The participants were selected using a random cluster sampling method. The required data were collected using questionnaires of demographic variables, the standard 28-item General Health Questionnaire, and an author-made questionnaire on the tendency to computer games. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed using descriptive and analytic tests in SPSS-18. Participation in the study was voluntary. Results: The results showed that 31.8% of the students aged 14 years old. In addition, the tendency to computer games was higher in girls (0.027) and their level of mental health was lower compared to boys (P = 0.032). There was a significant relationship between the tendency to computer games and the age of the students (P = 0.023). Eventually, age (P = 0.025) and gender (P = 0.09) represented a significant relationship with the mental health of the students. Conclusion: Based on the low level of mental health in girls, it is necessary to pay special attention to the symptoms of depression and anxiety and social functions in adolescents, control the time spent on playing the computer games, plan carefully for their leisure time, direct adolescents toward reading books, and promote their health using educational patterns. Keywords Computer games, Students, Mental health

Social vulnerability of women heads of households compared to married women in health care

Women heads of households, as one of the most vulnerable sections of society, need to be informed about various issues specially in the field of health. Many gynecological diseases can be diagnosed with early care and can be treated more. These diseases include gynecological cancers that require personal referral and follow-up. Therefore, they depend on various socio-economic factors. The aim of the present study is to investigate the social vulnerability of female heads of households in comparison to married women in providing health care. The present study is a comparative study and was conducted on 200 women including heads of households who have active files in 2 social work clinics in Qom and also married women in 2 districts of Qom city. A questionnaire was used to collect data and SPSS software was used to compare the two groups.41% and 21% of female-headed households and57% and 36% of married women have Mammograms and Pap-smear once a year. The average score in Mammography among married women is 102.15and in female-headed households is 84.18The mean score on Pap-smear test was 98.11 in married women and 79.56 in female-headed households. This difference the mean at the confidence level of 0.95and the standard error percentage (p≤ 0.05) is significant. The results show married women are more likely to have Pap-smears and Mammograms than female-headed households. Due to the special living conditions of women heads of households, there is a need for more practical education, awareness and support for this group

Gender Differences in Obesogenic Behaviour, Socioeconomic and Metabolic Factors in a Population-based Sample of Iranians: The IHHP Study

This study investigated the gender differences in association of some behavioural and socioeconomic factors with obesity indices in a population-based sample of 12,514 Iranian adults. The mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly higher in women than in men. Current and passive smoking had an inverse association with BMI among males whereas current smoking, transportation by a private car, and longer duration of watching television (TV) had a positive association with BMI among females. Current and passive smoking, cycling, and Global Dietary Index (GDI) had an inverse association with WC among males. Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, current and passive smoking, duration of daily sleep, and GDI had an inverse association with WC among females. Using a private car for transportation had a significant positive association with WHR among both males and females. Living in an urban area, being married, and having a higher education level increased the odds ratio of obesity among both the genders. Non-manual work also increased this risk among males whereas watching TV and current smoking increased this risk among females. Such gender differences should be considered for culturally-appropriate interventional strategies to be implemented at the population level for tackling obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk factors