The effects of aerobic training before and after the induction of Alzheimer’s disease on ABCA1 and APOE mRNA expression and the level of soluble Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats

Objective(s): The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training before and after the induction of Alzheimer’s disease on ABCA1 and APOE mRNA expression and the level of soluble Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats.Materials and Methods: Ninety six eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: Training (n=48) and Rest (n=48). After four weeks, each group was randomly divided into two subgroups: intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 (n=24) and DMSO (n=24). Then, each group was again randomly divided into two groups: Training (n=12) and Rest (n=12). After four weeks, each group was again randomly divided into two groups: Behavioral test (n=7) and sacrificed (n=5). Results: The one-way ANOVA showed a significant increase in the mRNA expression of ABCA1 (P0.05) in the hippocampus as a result of training. The analysis of the Morris water maze data showed that intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 impaired spatial learning and memory and exercise improved spatial learning (

Investigation of nitrate and nitrite concentration and other physicochemical parameters of drinking water sources in Saveh city during the year of 2018

Abstract   Background and Purpose:Qualitative parameters of drinking water such as concentration of nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, total soluble solids, sodium, magnesium, fluoride, total hardness and electrical conductivity can play an important role in groundwater resources and are mainly related to agriculture, waste disposal areas and sewage. The aim of this study was to determine these parameters in drinking groundwater resource of Saveh city using Geographic Information System during the year of 2018 and investigation of contaminant’s in the region’s aquifer. Materials and Methods:This research is a descriptive-analytic study. 120 samples of water from 12 drinking water wells were prepared in spring and two times in the morning and afternoon in different parts of the city of Saveh. The quality parameters of drinking water, including concentration of nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, total soluble solids, sodium, magnesium, fluoride, total hardness and electrical conductivity were entered into the GIS software and stored in a database and then processed by the information system software, color mapping was prepared and geographical maps (GIS) were mapped to qualitative status. Also, reverse interpolation was used to estimate the conditions of the whole region. Findings:The average concentration of chlorine, sulfate, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, total hardness and sodium exceeds the permissible limits, and the non-qualitative water conditions are quite evident. Also, the amount of two magnesium and sulfate ions was above the standard 1053. It should be kept in mind that the high levels of these two ions can interfere with the digestive system. Fluoride and nitrate levels were also acceptable range in all areas. Conclusion:The highest deviation level from 1053 standard was for total soluble solids, sodium, magnesium, and sulfate. It is better to consider a comprehensive program to solve the problem, including use of nanotechnology, filtering or ion exchange

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Risk Factors of Narcotic and Psychoactive Drugs Use among University and High School Student

Aim: Today use of different banned substances such as narcotic, psychoactive and energetic drugs are social problem that has created worry in different levels of human societies. The aim of present study was examined the prevalence of use of narcotic and psychoactive drugs among high school and university students also identifying of risk factors associated with the use of this materials. Method: The population of this descriptive survey study was all students of high school and university of Khodabandeh city. By cluster random sampling 580 students of high school and university selected and questionnaires distributed among them. After eliminating incomplete questionnaires 480 students remained as research sample. Results: In consideration of selected sample the most important reasons of using of narcotics are: enjoying and curiosity, exposed to bad environment like addicted friends and families, joblessness, economic problems, lack of information and loss of affection. Conclusion: The analysis of the results indicated the high prevalence of narcotic and drugs use and necessity of codification of preventive programs for these people

تدوین بسته آموزشی-تمرینی ویژه افراد با کم توانی ذهنی: تدوین اصول و مبانی تمرین، بهترین نوع تمرینات و جزئیات برنامه تمرینی

Background and aim: The purpose of this research was to edition of an educational-exercise package for people with intellectual disabilities, with an emphasis on compiling the principles of exercise, the best types of exercises, and the details of the exercise program (FITT-VP) for this people. Methods: In this research, which was carried out with the financial support of Iran National Science Foundation, the researcher compiled a special exercise training package for these people and implemented this package on 7-18-year-old students with intellectual disabilities and determined the strengths and weaknesses of the exercises and then completed the exercise training package to present to the community. The members of the sample group were 36 students with intellectual disabilities who were studying in an exceptional school in Tehran. Results: After reviewing the research done, the researchers compiled 12 basic principles of sports training and the best way of sports training in these people, that include cognitive and perceptual-action training, development of muscle function, development of psychosocial skills, development of physical fitness and motor development skills, development of physical activity, specialized sports, aerobic exercises, flexibility exercises, weight loss exercise programs, and balance training. Conclusion: These guidelines for physical activity and exercise of people with intellectual disabilities are presented and it is suggested that trainers and experts in the field of sports science use these exercises as a comprehensive guide for these people.سابقه و هدف: هدف از اجرای این تحقیق تدوین بسته آموزشی-تمرینی ویژه افراد با کم توانی ذهنی و با تاکید بر تدوین اصول و مبانی تمرین، بهترین نوع تمرینات و جزئیات برنامه تمرینی این افراد بود.  روش کار: در این تحقیق که با حمایت مالی و به سفارش صندوق حمایت از پژوهشگران و فناوران کشور انجام شد، محققین اقدام به تدوین بسته آموزشی تمرینی ویژه این افراد نموده و این بسته را بر روی دانش آموزان 18-7 ساله با کم توانی ذهنی اجرا و نقاط قوت و ضعف تمرینات را مشخص و اقدام به تکمیل بسته آموزشی تمرینی برای ارائه به جامعه نمودند. اعضاء گروه نمونه 36 دانش آموز با کم توانی ذهنی مشغول به تحصیل در یک مدرسه استثنائی شهر تهران بودند. یافته­ها: محققین پس از مطالعه و مرور تحقیقات انجام شده 12 اصول زیربنایی تمرین ورزشی در افراد با کم توانی ذهنی را تدوین نموده و بهترین شیوه تمرین ورزشی در این افراد را تمرینات ادراک عمل و شناختی، توسعه عملکرد عضلانی، توسعه مهارتهای روانی اجتماعی، توسعه آمادگی جسمانی و رشد مهارتهای حرکتی، توسعه فعالیت بدنی، ورزش تخصصی، تمرینات هوازی، تمرینات انعطاف پذیری، برنامه های تمرین کاهش وزن و تمرینات تعادلی گزارش نمودند. نتیجه گیری: این خطوط راهنما برای فعالیت بدنی و تمرین افراد با کم توانی ذهنی ارائه شده و پیشنهاد می شود تا مربیان و متخصصان حوزه علوم ورزشی این تمرینات را به عنوان یک راهنمای  جامع برای تمرین این افراد استفاده نمایند

Risks of Patulin and Its Removal Procedures: A Review

Patulin is the secondary metabolite of some spoilage fungi. Despite efforts to prevent and reduce the mycotoxin, it is considered as a major problem in human health, especially in developing countries. Using different methods before and after processing of food can affect the level of patulin in the final product. The results showed that the different stages of production such as filtration, heating process, clarification or additional steps such as using radiation and absorbent materials can reduce patulin to some extent. The reduction of patulin in various processes depends on the composition of foods. In some studies, the amount of patulin after processing did not decrease sufficiently. Data showed that the use of various physical, chemical, and biological methods can reduce the patulin. However, because of patulin’s thermal resistance and combination effect of food ingredients, the most effective ways to reduce patulin are using good agricultural practices (GAP) and good manufacture production (GMP) during food production

The Effect of an Exercise Package for Students with Intellectual Disability on Motor and Social Development: Exercise package for students with Intellectual disability

  Objectives Physical activity and reducing inactivity improve health, well-being and benefits the social development of young people with intellectual disability (ID) lasting into adulthood. Therefore, given the importance of encouraging an active lifestyle in adolescents, researchers developed and evaluated the feasibility and potential effect of a novel “Sport Science Research Institute (SSRI) exercise package for young people with intellectual disability” to improve the motor and social development of these individuals. Materials & Methods In a Randomised controlled trial between October 2019 to February-2020, Thirty-six 7-18-year-old students with mild intellectual disabilities who were studying in a special school in Tehran received the invitation to the study. Students were randomly divided into intervention (18 students) and control (18 students) groups. Before and after the exercise program, three sessions per week for 12 weeks, motor proficiency was measured using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2), and social development was measured using the Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS). Results Pupils in the intervention group completed 92% of the sessions. The results of the ANCOVA test showed that the exercise program led to a statistically significant improvement in total motor proficiency (P<0.01) and total social maturity score (P<0.015). Conclusion According to this study the, SSRI training package achieved good adherence and increased physical activity and showed potential to improve motor and social skills in young people with intellectual disability

The Effect of a “Selected Exercise Training” on Reducing Symptoms of Dementia Caused by Alzheimer\'s Disease in People with Down Syndrome

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a selected exercise training on reducing symptoms of dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease in people with Down syndrome. Methods: 27 men with Down syndrome were randomized to intervention (n=13) and control (n=13) groups. All persons in experimental group followed 12 weeks selected exercise training, three times a week. Prior to the start of the study, and after three-month training, each member in both groups was assessed according to the DSQIID questionnaire filled by caregivers of these peoples. Data were analysed by independent t-test. Results: The results indicated that the first questionnaire subscales that assess memory disorders and confusion in the experimental group between pre and post test showed a significant decrease (P=0.028). Also in third part of questionnaire that asked about the individual skills, social withdrawal, physical symptoms and speech abnormalities, the variable scores in post-test of experimental group were significantly lower than pre-test scores (P=0.047). Discussion: These result showed that the combination of selected exercises training could cause a significant reduction in the incidence of initial dementia symptoms and can be an important step to prevent of the dementia in these people

Effects of addition of different probiotic strains on the biochemical and microbiological properties of Aloe vera drink

Introduction: Recently, an increased demand for nondairy probiotic products comes from the vegetarians, those with lactose intolerance and high cholesterol blood content in dairy products. In this research, the effects of adding different probiotic strains to the Aloe vera drink were studied on biochemical and microbiological specifics during refrigerated storage. Materials and Methods: About 7% of any cultured single strain probiotic (Lactobacillus (L) acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus fermentumor Lactobacillus plantarum) were added to Aloe vera juices. Samples were studied in 7 days intervals throughout 21 days of storage at 5°C. pH and redox potential values were measured by pH-meter. Titrable acidity value was determined by titration with 0.1 N NaOH. Probiotic bacteria were enumerated using MRS-agar medium. Results: The highest and lowest biochemical changes were observed in treatments with L. reuteri and L. acidophilus, respectively. Therefore, different types of inoculated probiotic strains, with different ability in fermentation at refrigerated temperature, had effects on the amount of the biochemical changes during storage. The most probiotic viable counts in treatments with L. acidophilus were observed at the end of storage. Conclusion: Probiotic viability was improved in Aloe vera juices probably due to high amounts of nutrients such as aminoacids, proteins, sugars, vitamins, phenolic compounds and antioxidants. L. acidophilus and L. fermentum are suitable choice to use in Aloe vera drin