Investigation of Cylinder Deactivation (CDA) Application on a Naturally Aspirated Engine

Increasing oil prices and emission legislation have forced automotive company to investigate new methods and technologies to reduce the harmful effect produced from the motor vehicle, particularly CO2 (Carbon-Dioxide). A lot of studies and researches have been put into in order to achieve a zero emission vehicle with the usage of electricity rather than fossil fuel, but the challenge to cost and environmental effect makes an IC engine is still being the predominant power plant for automobile in this century. One of the popular techniques among engine manufacturers to have a better engine efficiency is cylinder deactivation. Cylinder deactivation is a promising method to reduce the fuel consumption and emission by forced the engine to operate at higher load. However, the higher combustion pressure and extreme temperature at firing cylinders will result in higher NOx composition. This paper will investigate further the engine performance, fuel economy and emission by using one-dimensional (1-D) simulation tool. A standard 1.6 litre naturally aspirated four in-line cylinders, port fuel injection engine is modelled and correlated to the measured test data. The model is then simulated with cylinder deactivation mode by deactivating the intake and exhaust valves at cylinders no 2 and no 3 as well as fuel injection at various engine speeds at part load conditions to show improvements in fuel consumption, CO2  emissions, pumping losses and effects on CO and NOx emission. This correlated model is then used to investigate the application of EGR in order to reduce the emission level. Also, the effects on in-cylinder combustion as well as pumping losses are presented. The study shows that the application of EGR is very significant for engine with CDA mechanism to ensure the overall engine fuel consumption and emissions are reduce simultaneously

Vehicle Fuel Economy Improvement through Vehicle Optimization in 1-D Simulation Cycle towards Energy Efficient Vehicle (EEV)

The high average of fuel consumption in vehicle for ASEAN countries compared to global average has led to the establishment of Energy Efficient Vehicle (EEV) by National Automotive Policy (NAP) 2014. PROTON Saga 1.3L 4-speed automatic transmission (4AT) with 6.80 L/100km fuel consumption, it is crucial to reduce the fuel consumption in order to fulfil the NAP 14 target which is 6.0 L/100km so that it stays competitive in the market and also to support the ASEAN emission legislation. The objectives of this research are to design and develop a 1-Dimensional 4-AT vehicle model for fuel economy and performance analysis as well as to evaluate and optimize vehicle model to achieve the product target and legislation requirements. The PROTON Saga 1.3L 4-AT vehicle model which is a B-Segment passenger vehicle will be developed using 1-Dimensional simulation software. The correlation between the base vehicle model and actual vehicle model is 0.14% for fuel consumption and 2.22% for 0-100km/h, since the value is less than 4%, the vehicle model can be concluded as valid and authentic. All the data and engine maps used in this research are provided by PROTON Engineering Department to support the accuracy of findings. For each parameter considered in this research, the optimization was performed in simulation where it begins from the current vehicle engine configuration and then applying each parameter at each step until the anticipated configuration of vehicle has achieved. The parameters involved in this research are vehicle weight, aerodynamic, rolling resistance, final gear ratio, and idle speed. Stop start system was used as an advanced alternative way to mitigate the fuel consumption since it is cost consuming. The fuel consumption for an optimized model is 6.01 L/100km with 0.17% difference with the real target which is 6.0 L/100km. The current vehicle model fuel consumption is 6.80 L/100km, thus, it has been successfully reduced to 6.01 L/100km which is equivalent to 11.62% without implementing stop start system and 25.03% with the implementation of stop start system. It seems that the beneficial to examine various possible solution concepts, and to establish understanding on the effectiveness and synergies between powertrain technologies and vehicle design in reducing the overall fuel consumption ad emission

Investigation of Cylinder Deactivation (CDA) Application on a Naturally Aspirated Engine

Increasing oil prices and emission legislation have forced automotive company to investigate new methods and technologies to reduce the harmful effect produced from the motor vehicle, particularly CO2 (Carbon-Dioxide). A lot of studies and researches have been put into in order to achieve a zero emission vehicle with the usage of electricity rather than fossil fuel, but the challenge to cost and environmental effect makes an IC engine is still being the predominant power plant for automobile in this century. One of the popular techniques among engine manufacturers to have a better engine efficiency is cylinder deactivation. Cylinder deactivation is a promising method to reduce the fuel consumption and emission by forced the engine to operate at higher load. However, the higher combustion pressure and extreme temperature at firing cylinders will result in higher NOx composition. This paper will investigate further the engine performance, fuel economy and emission by using one-dimensional (1-D) simulation tool. A standard 1.6 litre naturally aspirated four in-line cylinders, port fuel injection engine is modelled and correlated to the measured test data. The model is then simulated with cylinder deactivation mode by deactivating the intake and exhaust valves at cylinders no 2 and no 3 as well as fuel injection at various engine speeds at part load conditions to show improvements in fuel consumption, CO2  emissions, pumping losses and effects on CO and NOx emission. This correlated model is then used to investigate the application of EGR in order to reduce the emission level. Also, the effects on in-cylinder combustion as well as pumping losses are presented. The study shows that the application of EGR is very significant for engine with CDA mechanism to ensure the overall engine fuel consumption and emissions are reduce simultaneously

Simulation of fuel economy for Malaysian urban driving

By understanding the implications of real-world driving conditions, improved fuel economy via a strategy of key technologies can be implemented to assist fuel economy validation during development programs. Vehicles in real-world driving conditions regularly travel at idle, low and medium speeds, particularly for urban driving, and this has a crucial weight in overall vehicle fuel economy, given the residencies at the lower engine speed and load region. This paper presents the validation of the derived engine conditions representing Malaysian actual urban driving in an attempt to formulate representative fuel economy data. The measurements were conducted through on-road urban driving within Kuala Lumpur to establish representative driving conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed conditions was then validated in terms of fuel economy using a simulation. The discrepancy between the fuel economy in the proposed conditions and the real-world measurements has improved, falling to 11.9% compared to 43.1% reported by the NEDC

The study of the effect of intake valve timing on engine using cylinder deactivation technique via simulation

There are many technologies that being developed to increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines as well as reducing their fuel consumption. In this paper, the main area of focus is on cylinder deactivation (CDA) technology. CDA is mostly being applied on multi cylinders engines. CDA has the advantage to improve fuel consumption by reducing pumping losses at part load engine conditions. Here, the application of CDA on 1.6L four cylinders gasoline engine is studied. One-dimensional (1D) engine modeling work is performed to investigate the effect of intake valve strategy on engine performance with CDA. 1D engine model is constructed based on the 1.6L actual engine geometries. The model is simulated at various engine speeds at full load conditions. The simulated results show that the constructed model is well correlated to measured data. This correlated model is then used to investigate the CDA application at part load conditions. Also, the effects on the in-cylinder combustion as well as pumping losses are presented. The study shows that the effect of intake valve strategy is very significant on engine performance. Pumping losses is found to be reduced, thus improve fuel consumption and engine efficiency

Investigation of performance characteristics of plastic pyrolysis oil and crude palm oil fuel on diesel engine

Nowadays, with the increment of fossil fuel engines, there have been facing the downside of a fuel problem, and the survival of those engines has been vulnerable. The dependency on a single source which is a fossil fuel is a worrying issue because the fossil fuel is limited and takes millions of years to produce. In this paper, the performance of the alternative fuels on a diesel engine is analyzed and compared with the standard diesel to determine its compatibility with the diesel engine without any modification. The research study of the performance of plastic pyrolysis oil and crude palm oil blended with diesel at a different concentration which is 20% and 25%, on automotive 4 stroke diesel engine test system were illustrated in this paper. The brake power engine, thermal brake efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust temperature of the blended fuels are recorded and analyzed. The value of brake-specific consumption decreases as the concentration of the pyrolysis oil increases while thermal brake efficiency is increased. The blended fuels recorded lower brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and higher exhaust gas temperature compared to standard diesel fuel. In the aspect of performance of the diesel engine, the uses of crude palm oil and plastic pyrolysis oil are usable and applicable

The effect of 48V mild hybrid technology on fuel consumption of a passenger car by using simulation cycle

The ASEAN's legislation has become more regulatory towards electric vehicles for automotive manufacturers to ensure the environment is preserved better for future generations. The ASEAN roadmap 2025 requirement in optimizing a conventional vehicle's fuel consumption is implemented with hybrid technology in targeting the automotive industry worldwide to achieve energy-efficient vehicles. This research aims to develop a vehicle model via 1D simulation cycle and implement the 48V mild hybrid to lower vehicle fuel consumption considering perspective in drive cycles data. The vehicle model used in this research is a D-segment vehicle powered by a 1.8L TGDI engine. The base model will be created using a GT Suite software where data is compared and analyzed with actual vehicle measurement. There will be two models produced; with and without Belt-Alternator-Starter (BAS) system. They will be further investigated for their functions based on NEDC and RDC drive cycles for fuel consumption. However, implementing the add-on technology from this simulation improved overall vehicle fuel consumption by 7.7% in NEDC and 1.7% in RDC. The results obtained for the optimization of the vehicle have shown difference by the results of each engine characteristics such as engine fuel flow rate, speed, torque, the BAS functions, and state of charge. The research proposes its findings to understand the practical usage of 48V mild hybrid system in fuel reduction and provide reliable proof to use as a reference for initiative studies

Flow characterization of complete air induction system in internal combustion engine

Induction system plays an important part in achieving high engine volumetric efficiency (VE). A good VE ensures good engine performance. Intake manifold is one of the crucial components in induction system that would evenly distribute the air charge into the cylinder. Flow variation between cylinders could cause low engine VE. This study conducted airflow measurement using a steady airflow rig to identify the flow characteristics. The test was conducted with 4 unit intake manifolds and a cylinder head. Valve lifts were swept from minimum to maximum. The main objective of this study is to select the best-delivered airflow intake manifold. Addition to this, understanding on flow characteristics is conducted and will be an input for 1D simulation