Eine Welt oder keine: Albert Schweitzer als Friedensaktivist

The paper analyses the role of Albert Schweitzer in the antinuclear movement during the 1950s and 1960s. Having come face to face with the unthinkable threat of nuclear destruction, Schweitzer joins with renowned scientists to raise public awareness about the necessity of banning nuclear testing. Schweitzer applies the view summed up in the concept of reverence for life to a question of global importance, insisting on the personal responsibility of each individual for the present and future generations. His contribution to the antinuclear movement also sheds light on the decisive role of the movement in the formation of the field of bioethics. In conclusion, the authoress points to the need for redefining the origins of bioethics.U tekstu se analizira uloga Alberta Schweitzera u anti-nuklearnom pokretu tijekom 1950-ih i 1960-ih godina. Suočen s do tada nezamislivom prijetnjom nuklearnog razaranja, Schweitzer se pridružuje uglednim znanstvenicima u osvještavanju javnosti o nužnosti zabrane nuklearnih testiranja. Nazor sumiran u konceptu strahopoštovanja prema životu Schweitzer aplicira na pitanje od globalne važnosti, inzistirajući pritom na individualnoj odgovornosti svakog pojedinca za sadašnje i buduće generacije. Njegov doprinos anti-nuklearnom pokretu osvjetljava i presudnu ulogu pokreta na formiranje područja bioetike. Zaključno se pod tim vidom upućuje na potrebu redefiniranja ishodišta bioetike.Le texte analyse le rôle d’Albert Schweitzer dans le mouvement anti-nucléaire durant les années 1950 et 1960. Confronté à une menace, jusqu’alors inconcevable, de la destruction nucléaire, Schweitzer rejoint des scientifiques reconnus dans la sensibilisation du public sur la nécessité de l’interdiction des essais nucléaires. Schweitzer applique la vision résumée dans le concept du respect de la vie sur une question d’une importance globale, en insistant sur la responsabilité individuelle de chaque individu pour les générations actuelles et futures. Sa contribution au mouvement anti-nucléaire éclaire également le rôle décisif du mouvement sur la formation du domaine de la bioéthique. En conclusion, l’auteure pointe la nécessité de redéfinir les origines de la bioéthique.Das Paper analysiert die Rolle Albert Schweitzers im Rahmen der Anti-Atomkraft-Bewegung der 50er- bzw. 60er-Jahre. Konfrontiert mit einer bis dahin undenkbaren Bedrohung der atomaren Zerstörung gesellt sich Schweitzer den namhaften Wissenschaftlern hinzu, um die Bewusstseinsbildung der Öffentlichkeit für die Unabdingbarkeit einer Atomtestsperre zu stärken. Schweitzer appliziert die im Konzept der Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben resümierte Anschauung auf eine Frage von weltumspannendem Belang, indem er hierbei auf individueller Verantwortung eines jeglichen Einzelnen für gegenwärtige und angehende Generationen beharrt. Sein Beitrag zur Anti-Atomkraft-Bewegung bringt Licht in die ausschlaggebende Rolle dieser Front in der Formung des Bereichs der Bioethik. Abschließend weist die Autorin auf das Erfordernis einer Neubestimmung des Ursprungs der Bioethik

Eine Welt oder keine: Albert Schweitzer als Friedensaktivist

The paper analyses the role of Albert Schweitzer in the antinuclear movement during the 1950s and 1960s. Having come face to face with the unthinkable threat of nuclear destruction, Schweitzer joins with renowned scientists to raise public awareness about the necessity of banning nuclear testing. Schweitzer applies the view summed up in the concept of reverence for life to a question of global importance, insisting on the personal responsibility of each individual for the present and future generations. His contribution to the antinuclear movement also sheds light on the decisive role of the movement in the formation of the field of bioethics. In conclusion, the authoress points to the need for redefining the origins of bioethics.U tekstu se analizira uloga Alberta Schweitzera u anti-nuklearnom pokretu tijekom 1950-ih i 1960-ih godina. Suočen s do tada nezamislivom prijetnjom nuklearnog razaranja, Schweitzer se pridružuje uglednim znanstvenicima u osvještavanju javnosti o nužnosti zabrane nuklearnih testiranja. Nazor sumiran u konceptu strahopoštovanja prema životu Schweitzer aplicira na pitanje od globalne važnosti, inzistirajući pritom na individualnoj odgovornosti svakog pojedinca za sadašnje i buduće generacije. Njegov doprinos anti-nuklearnom pokretu osvjetljava i presudnu ulogu pokreta na formiranje područja bioetike. Zaključno se pod tim vidom upućuje na potrebu redefiniranja ishodišta bioetike.Le texte analyse le rôle d’Albert Schweitzer dans le mouvement anti-nucléaire durant les années 1950 et 1960. Confronté à une menace, jusqu’alors inconcevable, de la destruction nucléaire, Schweitzer rejoint des scientifiques reconnus dans la sensibilisation du public sur la nécessité de l’interdiction des essais nucléaires. Schweitzer applique la vision résumée dans le concept du respect de la vie sur une question d’une importance globale, en insistant sur la responsabilité individuelle de chaque individu pour les générations actuelles et futures. Sa contribution au mouvement anti-nucléaire éclaire également le rôle décisif du mouvement sur la formation du domaine de la bioéthique. En conclusion, l’auteure pointe la nécessité de redéfinir les origines de la bioéthique.Das Paper analysiert die Rolle Albert Schweitzers im Rahmen der Anti-Atomkraft-Bewegung der 50er- bzw. 60er-Jahre. Konfrontiert mit einer bis dahin undenkbaren Bedrohung der atomaren Zerstörung gesellt sich Schweitzer den namhaften Wissenschaftlern hinzu, um die Bewusstseinsbildung der Öffentlichkeit für die Unabdingbarkeit einer Atomtestsperre zu stärken. Schweitzer appliziert die im Konzept der Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben resümierte Anschauung auf eine Frage von weltumspannendem Belang, indem er hierbei auf individueller Verantwortung eines jeglichen Einzelnen für gegenwärtige und angehende Generationen beharrt. Sein Beitrag zur Anti-Atomkraft-Bewegung bringt Licht in die ausschlaggebende Rolle dieser Front in der Formung des Bereichs der Bioethik. Abschließend weist die Autorin auf das Erfordernis einer Neubestimmung des Ursprungs der Bioethik

How Should We Treat the Vulnerable? Qualitative Study of Authoritative Ethics Documents

The aim of this study is to explore what actual guidance is provided by authoritative ethics documents regarding the recognition and protection of the vulnerable. The documents included in this analysis are the Belmont Report, the Declaration of Helsinki, The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Guidelines, and the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, including its supplementary report on vulnerability. A qualitative analysis of these documents was conducted in light of three questions: what is vulnerability, who are the vulnerable, and how should the vulnerable be protected? The results show significant differences among the documents regarding the first two questions. None of the documents provides any guidance on the third question (how to protect the vulnerable). These results suggest a great discrepancy between the acknowledged importance of the concept of vulnerability and a general understanding of the scope, content, and practical implications of vulnerability

Neuropoboljšavanje i ranjivost u adolescenciji

The very definition, scope, and practical implications of the concept of vulnerability are among the most debated questions in the field of vulnerability research. However, a consensus seems to exist regarding children and adolescents: they are generally considered vulnerable and in need of special protection due to their physical and psychological immaturity, lack of knowledge and life experience, and overall dependency on adults. The special status of this population is safeguarded in numerous legal and ethics documents. In this paper, we discuss the commercial use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), as a method that have potential to affect functioning of the brain tissue with electrical currents, but also a variety of digital methods used to influence the brain. tDCS is openly advertised, affordable and accessible, even to minors. However, changes that tDCS and similar methods could induce in developing brain tissue and consequently their interference with the normal neurodevelopmental processes could have far-reaching health ramifications and thus represent new sources of vulnerability that slip under the radar of formalized legal and ethics documents. This article discusses changes in the adolescent brain during development and address whether adolescents who would wish to use these neuroenhancement procedures should be considered vulnerable and on what grounds.Sama definicija, opseg i praktične implikacije koncepta ranjivosti su među najčešće raspravljanim pitanjima u području istraživanja ranjivosti. Zbog njihove fizičke i psihološke nezrelosti, nedostatka znanja i životnog iskustva te sveukupne ovisnosti o odraslima, postoji konsenzus da se djeca i adolescenti općenito smatraju ranjivima, te da ih je potrebno zaštititi. Poseban status ove populacije potvrđen je i u brojnim zakonskim i etičkim dokumentima. U radu raspravljamo o komercijalnoj upotrebi transkranijalne stimulacije istosmjernom strujom (tDCS) kao metode koja, djelujući s električnom strujom, može utjecati na funkcioniranje moždanog tkiva. Također govorimo i o ostalim digitalnim metodama koje se koriste za djelovanje na mozak. tDSC se otvoreno oglašava, pristupačan je cijenom i dostupan, čak i maloljetnicima. No, promjene koje bi tDCS i slične metode mogle potaknuti u razvoju moždanog tkiva i posljedično njihovu interferenciju s normalnim neurorazvojnim procesima mogle bi imati dalekosežne zdravstvene posljedice i tako predstavljati nove izvore ranjivosti koji nisu obuhvaćeni u formalnim pravnim i etičkim dokumentima. U ovom se članku raspravlja o promjenama u adolescentskom mozgu tijekom razvoja i pitanjem trebaju li se adolescenti koji žele koristiti ove postupke za neuropoboljšanje smatrati ranjivima i na temelju čega