Development and reliability of questionnaires for the assessment of diet and physical activity behaviors in a multi-country sample in Europe the Feel4Diabetes Study

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Clustering of energy balance-related behaviours and parental education in European preschool children : the ToyBox study

Energy balance-related behaviours (EBRB) are established in childhood and seem to persist through to adulthood. A lower parental educational level was associated with unhealthy behavioural patterns. The aim of the study is to identify clusters of EBRB and examine their association with preschool children's BMI and maternal, paternal and parental education. A subsample of the ToyBox study (n 5387) conducted in six European countries was used. Six behavioural clusters ('healthy diet and low activity', 'active', 'healthy lifestyle', 'high water and screen time; low fruits and vegetables (F&V) and physical activity (PA)', 'unhealthy lifestyle' and 'high F&V consumers') emerged. The healthiest group characterised by high water and F&V consumption and high PA z scores (healthy lifestyle') was more prevalent among preschool children with at least one medium- or higher-educated parent and showed markedly healthier trends for all the included EBRB. In the opposite, the 'unhealthy lifestyle' cluster (characterised by high soft drinks and screen time z scores, and low water, F&V and PA z scores) was more prevalent among children with lower parental, paternal and maternal education levels. OR identified that children with lower maternal, paternal and parental education levels were less likely to be allocated in the healthy lifestyle' cluster and more likely to be allocated in the 'unhealthy lifestyle' cluster. The unhealthy lifestyle' cluster was more prevalent among children with parents in lower parental educational levels and children who were obese. Therefore, parental educational level is one of the key factors that should be considered when developing childhood obesity prevention interventions