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Evaluating single-sided natural ventilation models against full-scale idealised measurements: impact of wind direction and turbulence
Commonly single-sided natural ventilation is used in temperate climates to provide comfortable and healthy indoor environments. However, within built-up areas it is difficult to predict natural ventilation rates for buildings as they depend on many flow factors and opening type. Here, existing models are evaluated using the nine-month Refresh Cube Campaign (RCC). Pressure-based ventilation rates were determined for a small opening (1% porosity) in a cubical test building (side=6 m). The building was isolated and then sheltered in a limited staggered building array to simulate turbulent flows in dense urban areas. Internal and external flow, temperature and pressure measurements captured a wide range of scales of variability. Although the Warren and Parkins (1985, WP85) model performed best for 30-minute mean ventilation rates, all four models tested underestimated ventilation rates by a factor of 10. As wind dominated the stack effect, new coefficients were derived for the WP85 wind-driven model as a function of wind angle. Predictions were mostly improved, except for directions with complex flow patterns during the sheltered case. For the first time, the relation between ventilation rate and turbulence intensity (TI) around a full-scale building was tested. Results indicate that the wind-driven model for single-sided ventilation in highly turbulent flows (0.5<TI<4) can be improved by including TI as a multiplicative factor. Although small window openings with highly turbulent flows are common for sheltered buildings in urban areas, future model development should include a variety of configurations to assess the generality of these results
Analysis of ballistic capture in Sun–planet models
Analysis of ballistic capture orbits in Sun–planet systems is conducted in this paper. This mechanism utilizes purely gravitational forces, and may occur in non-Keplerian regimes. Ballistic capture orbits are generated by proper manipulation of sets of initial conditions that satisfy a simple definition of stability. Six Sun–planet systems are considered, including the inner planets, Jupiter, and Saturn. The role of planets orbital eccentricity, their true anomaly, and mass ratios is investigated. Moreover, the influence of the post-capture orbit in terms of inclination and orientation is also assessed. Analyses are performed from qualitative and quantitative perspective. The quality of capture orbits is measured by means of the stability index, whereas the capture ratio gives information on their statistical occurrence. Some underlying principles on the selection of the dynamical model, the initial true anomaly, and inclination are obtained. These provide a reference for practical cases
Multiple phase transitions in single-crystalline NaFeAs
Specific heat, resistivity, susceptibility and Hall coefficient measurements
were performed on high-quality single crystalline NaFeAs. This
compound is found to undergo three successive phase transitions at around 52,
41, and 23 K, which correspond to structural, magnetic and superconducting
transitions, respectively. The Hall effect result indicates the development of
energy gap at low temperature due to the occurrence of spin-density-wave
instability. Our results provide direct experimental evidence of the magnetic
ordering in the nearly stoichiometric NaFeAs.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Orbital and interlayer Skyrmions crystals in bilayer graphene
A graphene bilayer in a transverse magnetic field has a set of Landau levels
with energies where
is the effective cyclotron frequency and
All Landau levels but N=0 are four times degenerate counting spin and valley
degrees of freedom. The Landau level N=0 has an extra degeneracy due to the
fact that orbitals and both have zero kinetic energies. At integer
filling factors, Coulomb interactions produce a set of broken-symmetry states
with partial or full alignement in space of the valley and orbital pseudospins.
These quantum Hall pseudo-ferromagnetic states support topological charged
excitations in the form of orbital and valley Skyrmions. Away from integer
fillings, these topological excitations can condense to form a rich variety of
Skyrme crystals with interesting properties. We study in this paper different
crystal phases that occur when an electric field is applied between the layers.
We show that orbital Skyrmions, in analogy with spin Skyrmions, have a texture
of electrical dipoles that can be controlled by an in-plane electric field.
Moreover, the modulation of electronic density in the crystalline phases are
experimentally accessible through a measurement of their local density of
statesComment: 18 pages with 13 figure
Recursive relations for a quiver gauge theory
We study the recursive relations for a quiver gauge theory with the gauge
group with bifundamental fermions transforming as
. We work out the recursive relation for the amplitudes
involving a pair of quark and antiquark and gluons of each gauge group. We
realize directly in the recursive relations the invariance under the order
preserving permutations of the gluons of the first and the second gauge group.
We check the proposed relations for MHV, 6-point and 7-point amplitudes and
find the agreements with the known results and the known relations with the
single gauge group amplitudes. The proposed recursive relation is much more
efficient in calculating the amplitudes than using the known relations with the
amplitudes of the single gauge group.Comment: 33 pages and 2 figures, minor correction
Strain engineering in graphene by laser irradiation
We demonstrate that the Raman spectrum of graphene on lithium niobate can be controlled locally by continuous exposure to laser irradiation. We interpret our results in terms of changes to doping and mechanical strain and show that our observations are consistent with light-induced gradual strain relaxation in the graphene layer
Scalar diagrammatic rules for Born amplitudes in QCD
We show that all Born amplitudes in QCD can be calculated from scalar
propagators and a set of three- and four-valent vertices. In particular, our
approach includes amplitudes with any number of quark pairs. The quarks may be
massless or massive. The proof of the formalism is given entirely within
quantum field theory.Comment: 20 pages, references adde
Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus occlusion-derived virus-associated protein, HA100, affects oral infectivity in vivo but not virus replication in vitro
ORF100 (ha100) of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) has been reported as one of the unique genes of group II alphabaculoviruses encoding a protein located in the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) envelope and nucleocapsid. The protein consists of 510 aa with a predicted mass of 58.1 kDa and is a homologue of poly(ADP–ribose) glycohydrolase in eukaryotes. Western blot analysis detected a 60 kDa band in HearNPV-infected HzAM1 cells starting at 18 h post-infection. Transient expression of GFP-fused HA100 in HzAM1 cells resulted in cytoplasmic localization of the protein, but after superinfection with HearNPV, GFPfused HA100 was localized in the nucleus. To study the function of HA100 further, an ha100-null virus was constructed using bacmid technology. Viral one-step growth curve analyses showed that the ha100-null virus had similar budded virus production kinetics to that of the parental virus. Electron microscopy revealed that deletion of HA100 did not alter the morphology of ODVs or occlusion bodies (OBs). However, bioassays in larvae showed that the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) value of HA100-null OBs was significantly higher than that of parental OBs; the median lethal time (LT50) of ha100-null OBs was about 24 h later than control virus. These results indicate that HA100 is not essential for virus replication in vitro. However, it significantly affects the oral infectivity of OBs in host insects, suggesting that the association HA100 with the ODV contributes to the infectivity of OBs in vivo
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