632 research outputs found
Shocks in relativistic transverse stratified jets, a new paradigm for radio-loud AGN
The transverse stratification of active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets is
suggested by observations and theoretical arguments, as a consequence of
intrinsic properties of the central engine (accretion disc + black hole) and
external medium. On the other hand, the one-component jet approaches are
heavily challenged by the various observed properties of plasmoids in radio
jets (knots), often associated with internal shocks. Given that such a
transverse stratification plays an important role on the jets acceleration,
stability, and interaction with the external medium, it should also induce
internal shocks with various strengths and configurations, able to describe the
observed knots behaviours. By establishing a relation between the transverse
stratification of the jets, the internal shock properties, and the multiple
observed AGN jet morphologies and behaviours, our aim is to provide a
consistent global scheme of the various AGN jet structures. Working on a large
sample of AGN radio jets monitored in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI)
by the MOJAVE collaboration, we determined the consistency of a systematic
association of the multiple knots with successive re-collimation shocks. We
then investigated the re-collimation shock formation and the influence of
different transverse stratified structures by parametrically exploring the two
relativistic outflow components with the specific relativistic hydrodynamic
(SRHD) code AMRVAC. We were able to link the different spectral classes of AGN
with specific stratified jet characteristics, in good accordance with their
VLBI radio properties and their accretion regimes.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&
The rise of the cosmetic industry in ancient China: insights from a 2,700âyearâold face cream
Cosmetic has a long history in China while its origin has remained unclear. It potentially originated in the Spring and Autumn period (770â476 BC) but little is known about its early manufacture and use. The Liujiawa Site, located at the southern edge of the Loess Plateau in northern China, was the late capital of the Rui State in the early to middle Spring and Autumn Period. During the excavation, a sealed small and exquisite container with suspected cosmetic use was unearthed from tomb M49 belonging to a male associated with the aristocratic class. Here, we report the multidisciplinary application of ATRâFTIR, XRD, SEM, stable isotope analysis, GC/MS, and GCâCâIRMS analysis of the residue inside the container, demonstrating that the residue, made of ruminant adipose fat mixed with monohydrocalcite coming from cave moonmilk, was likely used as cosmetic face cream by the nobleman of ancient Rui State. This work provides an early example of cosmetic production in China and, together with the prevalence of similar cosmetic containers during this period, suggests the rise of an incipient cosmetics industry. Furthermore, the exploitation of moonmilk, a special stalactite in some limestone caves, reflects the link between early Taoist School and cosmetic production encouraged by the aristocratic class.1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Site and sample background 2.2 FTIR analysis 2.3 XRD analysis 2.4 SEM analysis 2.5 Inorganic carbon and oxygen isotope analysis 2.6 GC/MS analysis 2.7 GC-C-IRMS analysis 3. Results 3.1 The source of inorganic mineral 3.2 The origin of fat matrix 4. Discussion 4.1 The origin of the animal lipids 4.2 The exploitation of stalactites along with the Taoist School Cave Cultus 4.3 The earliest face cream in China 4.4 The rise of the cosmetic industry in the early period of Spring and Autum
Observation of the Ankle and Evidence for a High-Energy Break in the Cosmic Ray Spectrum
We have measured the cosmic ray spectrum at energies above eV using
the two air fluorescence detectors of the High Resolution Fly's Eye experiment
operating in monocular mode. We describe the detector, PMT and atmospheric
calibrations, and the analysis techniques for the two detectors. We fit the
spectrum to models describing galactic and extragalactic sources. Our measured
spectrum gives an observation of a feature known as the ``ankle'' near eV, and strong evidence for a suppression near eV.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures. To appear in Physics Letters B. Accepted versio
Coupling to optical phonons in the one-dimensional t-J model: Effects on superconducting fluctuations and phase separation
The one-dimensional (1D) - Holstein model is studied by exact
diagonalization of finite rings using a variational approximation for the
phonon states. Due to renormalization effects induced by the phonons, for
intermediate electron-phonon coupling, the phase separation (PS) boundary, and
with it the region of dominating superconducting fluctuations is shifted
substantially to smaller values of as compared to the pure - model.
Superconducting correlations are weakened through charge density wave
interactions mediated by the phonons. Possible consequences for the high
oxides are discussed.Comment: 4 pages, Latex2
Spectral properties of the t-J model in the presence of hole-phonon interaction
We examine the effects of electron-phonon interaction on the dynamics of the
charge carriers doped in two-dimensional (2D) Heisenberg antiferromagnet. The
- model Hamiltonian with a Fr\"ohlich term which couples the holes to a
dispersionless (optical) phonon mode is considered for low doping
concentration. The evolution of the spectral density function, the density of
states, and the momentum distribution function of the holes with an increase of
the hole-phonon coupling constant is studied numerically. As the coupling
to a phonon mode increases the quasiparticle spectral weight decreases and a
``phonon satellite'' feature close to the quasi-particle peak becomes more
pronounced. Furthermore, strong electron-phonon coupling smears the
multi-magnon resonances (``string states'') in the incoherent part of the
spectral function. The jump in the momentum distribution function at the Fermi
surface is reduced without changing the hole pocket volume, thereby providing a
numerical verification of Luttinger theorem for this strongly interacting
system. The vertex corrections due to electron- phonon interaction are
negligible in spite of the fact that the ratio of the phonon frequency to the
effective bandwidth is not small.Comment: REVTeX, 20 pages, 9 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev. B (Nov. 1,
1996
Two-Dimensional Nature of Four-Layer Superconductors by Inequivalent Hole Distribution
The magnetization of the four-layer superconductor
CuBa_{2}Ca_{3}Cu_4O_{12-\delta} with T_c\simeq117 K is presented. The
high-field magnetization around T_c(H) follows the exact two-dimensional
scaling function given by Te\v{s}anovi\'{c} and Andreev. This feature is
contrary to the inference that the interlayer coupling becomes strong if the
number of CuO_2 planes in a unit cell increases. Also, the fluctuation-induced
susceptibility in the low-field region was analyzed by using the modified
Lawrence-Doniach model. The effective number of independently fluctuating CuO_2
layers per unit cell, g_{\rm eff}, turned out to be \simeq 2 rather than 4,
which indicated that two among the four CuO_2 layers were in states far from
their optimal doping levels. This result could explain why
CuBa_{2}Ca_{3}Cu_4O_{12-\delta} shows two-dimensional behavior.Comment: 5 pages and 4 figure
A Measurement of Time-Averaged Aerosol Optical Depth using Air-Showers Observed in Stereo by HiRes
Air fluorescence measurements of cosmic ray energy must be corrected for
attenuation of the atmosphere. In this paper we show that the air-showers
themselves can yield a measurement of the aerosol attenuation in terms of
optical depth, time-averaged over extended periods. Although the technique
lacks statistical power to make the critical hourly measurements that only
specialized active instruments can achieve, we note the technique does not
depend on absolute calibration of the detector hardware, and requires no
additional equipment beyond the fluorescence detectors that observe the air
showers. This paper describes the technique, and presents results based on
analysis of 1258 air-showers observed in stereo by the High Resolution Fly's
Eye over a four year span.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication by Astroparticle Physics
Journa
Cosmological constraints combining H(z), CMB shift and SNIa observational data
Recently H(z) data obtained from differential ages of galaxies have been
proposed as a new geometrical probe of dark energy. In this paper we use those
data, combined with other background tests (CMB shift and SNIa data), to
constrain a set of general relativistic dark energy models together with some
other models motivated by extra dimensions. Our analysis rests mostly on
Bayesian statistics, and we conclude that LCDM is at least substantially
favoured, and that braneworld models are less favoured than general
relativistic ones.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures; improved discussion, new figures, updated to
match published versio
Oxygen-isotope effect on the in-plane penetration depth in cuprate superconductors
Muon-spin rotation (muSR) studies of the oxygen isotope (^{16}O/^{18}O)
effect (OIE) on the in-plane magnetic field penetration depth lambda_{ab} in
cuprate high-temperature superconductors (HTS) are presented. First, the doping
dependence of the OIE on the transition temperature T_c in various HTS is
briefly discussed. It is observed that different cuprate families show a
similar doping dependence of the OIE on T_c. Then, bulk muSR, low-energy muSR,
and magnetization studies of the total and site-selective OIE on lambda_{ab}
are described in some detail. A substantial OIE on lambda_{ab} was observed in
various cuprate families at all doping levels, suggesting that cuprate HTS are
non-adiabatic superconductors. The experiments clearly demonstrate that the
total OIE on T_c and lambda_{ab} arise from the oxygen sites within the
superconducting CuO_2 planes, demonstrating that the phonon modes involving the
movement of planar oxygen are dominantly coupled to the supercarriers. Finally,
it is shown that the OIE on T_c and lambda_{ab} exhibit a relation that appears
to be generic for different families of cuprate HTS. The observation of these
unusual isotope effects implies that lattice effects play an essential role in
cuprate HTS and have to be considered in any realistic model of
high-temperature superconductivity.Comment: 22 pages, 12 figures. To be published in a special issue of J. Phys.
Cond. Ma
Search for Global Dipole Enhancements in the HiRes-I Monocular Data above 10^{18.5} eV
Several proposed source models for Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs)
consist of dipole distributions oriented towards major astrophysical landmarks
such as the galactic center, M87, or Centaurus A. We use a comparison between
real data and simulated data to show that the HiRes-I monocular data for
energies above 10^{18.5} eV is, in fact, consistent with an isotropic source
model. We then explore methods to quantify our sensitivity to dipole source
models oriented towards the Galactic Center, M87, and Centaurus A.Comment: 17 pages, 31 figure
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