Iron oxychloride as an efficient catalyst for selective hydroxylation of benzene to phenol

Selective hydroxylation of benzene is a felicitous strategy for the production of phenol that is deemed to be an alternative to conventional processes. Thus, the development of a durable and highly efficient catalyst for the selective hydroxylation of benzene should be a key topic. In this work, FeOCl was prepared by a chemical vapor transition method and characterized using various techniques including XRD, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption, DLS, and TGA. The prepared FeOCl was applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in benzene hydroxylation, and the reaction conditions were optimized. The acquired data manifested that FeOCl has shown superiority over the other reported catalysts utilized in benzene hydroxylation. The superiority of FeOCl is attributed to the facile self-redox potential of FeOCl and its remarkable ability for the production of an overwhelming amount of hydroxyl radicals in a short period of time. The catalyst recovery and reuse test showed that FeOCl is able to endure the harsh conditions of benzene hydroxylation for four runs. The mechanism of benzene hydroxylation using FeOCl as a catalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant was also illustrated

Effect of Combined Calcium Hydroxide and Accelerated Portland Cement on Bone Formation and Soft Tissue Healing in Dog Bone Lesions

Statement of Problem: Recent literatures show that accelerated Portland cement (APC) and calcium hydroxide Ca (OH)2 may have the potential to promote the bone regeneration. However, certain clinical studies reveal consistency of Ca (OH)2, as one of the practical drawbacks of the material when used alone. To overcome such inconvenience, the combination of the Ca (OH)2 with a bone replacement material could offer a convenient solution. Objectives: To evaluate the soft tissue healing and bone regeneration in the periodontal intrabony osseous defects using accelerated Portland cement (APC) in combination with calcium hydroxide Ca (OH)2, as a filling material. Materials and Methods: Five healthy adult mongrel dogs aged 2-3 years old (approximately 20 kg in weight) with intact dentition and healthy periodontium were selected for this study. Two one-wall defects in both mesial and distal aspects of the 3rd premolars of both sides of the mandible were created. Therefore, four defects were prepared in each dog. Three defects in each dog were randomly filled with one of the following materials: APC alone, APC mixed with Ca (OH)2, and Ca (OH)2 alone. The fourth defect was left empty (control). Upon clinical examination of the sutured sites, the amount of dehiscence from the adjacent tooth was measured after two and eight weeks, using a periodontal probe mesiodistally. For histometric analysis, the degree of new bone formation was estimated at the end of the eighth postoperative week, by a differential point-counting method. The percentage of the defect volume occupied by new osteoid or trabecular bone was recorded. Results: Measurement of wound dehiscence during the second week revealed that all five APCs had an exposure of 1-2 mm and at the end of the study all samples showed 3-4 mm exposure across the surface of the graft material, whereas the Ca (OH)2, control, and APC + Ca (OH)2 groups did not show any exposure at the end of the eighth week of the study. The most amount of bone formation was observed in APC group which was significantly different with all other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite acceptable soft tissue response of Ca (OH)2 , this additive material could not be suggested because of negative effects on bone formation results

Effects of drought stress on the quality of major oilseed crops: Implications and possible mitigation strategies - A review

Oilseed crops are considered as one of the most essential dietary components in human consumption as well as animal feed. While drought is one of the most important abiotic stress that adversely effect on the yield and nutritional quality of major oilseed crops across the globe. Therefore, maintenance of nutritional quality in such crops under drought stress may offer good opportunities to provide sufficient human food as well as animal feed. The current review is to quantify the adverse effects of drought on the qualitative and quantitative traits of oilseed crops, suggest strategies for enhancing drought tolerance in crops. Although drought stress-induced effects on seed oil quality vary with larger environments as well as crop species and their interactions. When short and long term drought occurs at the seed/grain filling stage of crops, it might negatively influence the grain yield as well as the quality of crops. In the present review, we highlight that there are two ways to mitigate the adverse effect of drought viz., development of crop cultivars tolerant to drought and to follow improved management approaches including the exogenous application of osmoprotectants, essential macro and micronutrient management and using organic amendments (compost, green manures, cow manure and incorporation of crop residues) in soils in order to increase the yield and grain quality of oilseed crops. © 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary

Effects of drought stress on the quality of major oilseed crops: Implications and possible mitigation strategies - A review

Oilseed crops are considered as one of the most essential dietary components in human consumption as well as animal feed. While drought is one of the most important abiotic stress that adversely effect on the yield and nutritional quality of major oilseed crops across the globe. Therefore, maintenance of nutritional quality in such crops under drought stress may offer good opportunities to provide sufficient human food as well as animal feed. The current review is to quantify the adverse effects of drought on the qualitative and quantitative traits of oilseed crops, suggest strategies for enhancing drought tolerance in crops. Although drought stress-induced effects on seed oil quality vary with larger environments as well as crop species and their interactions. When short and long term drought occurs at the seed/grain filling stage of crops, it might negatively influence the grain yield as well as the quality of crops. In the present review, we highlight that there are two ways to mitigate the adverse effect of drought viz., development of crop cultivars tolerant to drought and to follow improved management approaches including the exogenous application of osmoprotectants, essential macro and micronutrient management and using organic amendments (compost, green manures, cow manure and incorporation of crop residues) in soils in order to increase the yield and grain quality of oilseed crops. © 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary

Ionic Liquid-Coordinated Ferrous Acetate Complex Immobilized on Bentonite As a Novel Separable Catalyst for PET Glycolysis

Ionic liquid-coordinated ferrous acetate complex immobilized on bentonite ([BmimFe]­[(OAc)₃]/bentonite) was prepared by impregnation of [BmimFe]­[(OAc)₃] on bentonite. The prepared catalyst was characterized using FTIR, XRD and total carbon (TC). The catalyst showed a high catalytic activity in the glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under mild condition. Maximum activity was observed with a PET conversion of 100% and bis­(2-hydroxyethyl)­terephthalate (BHET) yield of 44% under the optimum conditions of catalyst (1.0 g), ethylene glycol (20 g) and PET (3.0 g) at 190 °C for 3 h. The activation energy of PET glycolysis using the prepared catalyst was calculated and found to be 51.6 kJ/mol