Ευρετικές προσεγγίσεις του μοναδιάστατου προβλήματος πακετοποίησης

Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and non-pleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data

Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes-2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names

Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and nonpleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data

Fungal Planet description sheets: 1478-1549

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Aschersonia mackerrasiae on whitefly, Cladosporium corticola on bark of Melaleuca quinquenervia, Penicillium nudgee from soil under Melaleuca quinquenervia, Pseudocercospora blackwoodiae on leaf spot of Persoonia falcata, and Pseudocercospora dalyelliae on leaf spot of Senna alata. Bolivia, Aspicilia lutzoniana on fully submersed siliceous schist in high-mountain streams, and Niesslia parviseta on the lower part and apothecial discs of Erioderma barbellatum onatwig. Brazil, Cyathus bonsai on decaying wood, Geastrum albofibrosum from moist soil with leaf litter, Laetiporus pratigiensis on a trunk of a living unknown hardwood tree species, and Scytalidium synnematicum on dead twigs of unidentified plant. Bulgaria, Amanita abscondita on sandy soil in a plantation of Quercus suber. Canada, Penicillium acericola on dead bark of Acer saccharum, and Penicillium corticola on dead bark of Acer saccharum. China, Colletotrichum qingyuanense on fruit lesion of Capsicum annuum. Denmark, Helminthosphaeria leptospora on corticioid Neohypochnicium cremicolor. Ecuador (Galapagos), Phaeosphaeria scalesiae on Scalesia sp. Finland, Inocybe jacobssonii on calcareouss oils in dry forests and park habitats. France, Cortinarius rufomyrrheus on sandy soil under Pinus pinaster, and Periconia neominutissima on leaves of Poaceae. India, Coprinopsis fragilis on decaying bark of logs, Filoboletus keralensis on unidentified woody substrate, Penicillium sankaranii from soil, Physisporinus tamilnaduensis on the trunk of Azadirachta indica, and Poronia nagaraholensis on elephant dung. Iran, Neosetophoma fic on infected leaves of Ficus elastica. Israel, Cnidariophoma eilatica (incl. Cnidariophoma gen. nov.) from Stylophora pistillata. Italy, Lyophyllum obscurum on acidic soil. Namibia, Aureobasidium faidherbiae on dead leaf of Faidherbia albida, and Aureobasidium welwitschiae on dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis. Netherlands, Gaeumannomycella caricigena on dead culms of Carex elongata, Houtenomyces caricicola (incl. Houtenomyces gen. nov.) on culms of Carex disticha, Neodacampia ulmea (incl. Neodacampia gen. nov.) on branch of Ulmus laevis, Niesslia phragmiticola on dead standing culms of Phragmites australis, Pseudopyricularia caricicola on culms of Carex disticha, and Rhodoveronaea nieuwwulvenica on dead bamboo sticks. Norway, Arrhenia similis half-buried and moss-covered pieces of rotting wood in grass-grownpath. Pakistan, Mallocybe ahmadii on soil. Poland, Beskidomyces laricis (incl. Beskidomyces gen. nov.) from resin of Larix decidua ssp. polonica, Lapidomyces epipinicola from sooty mould community on Pinus nigra, and Leptographium granulatum from a gallery of Dendroctonus micans on Picea abies. Portugal, Geoglossum azoricum on mossy areas of laurel forest areas planted with Cryptomeria japonica, and Lunasporangiospora lusitanica from a biofilm covering a bio deteriorated limestone wall. Qatar, Alternaria halotolerans from hypersaline sea water, and Alternaria qatarensis from water sample collected from hypersaline lagoon. South Africa, Alfaria thamnochorti on culm of Thamnochortus fraternus, Knufia aloeicola on Aloe gariepensis, Muriseptatomyces restionacearum (incl.Muriseptatomyces gen. nov.) on culms of Restionaceae, Neocladosporium arctotis on nest of cases of bagworm moths(Lepidoptera, Psychidae) on Arctotis auriculata, Neodevriesia scadoxi on leaves of Scadoxus puniceus, Paraloratospora schoenoplecti on stems of Schoenoplectus lacustris, Tulasnella epidendrea from the roots of Epidendrum × obrienianum, and Xenoidriella cinnamomi (incl. Xenoidriella gen. nov.) on leaf of Cinnamomum camphora. South Korea, Lemonniera fraxinea on decaying leaves of Fraxinus sp. frompond. Spain, Atheniella lauri on the bark of fallen trees of Laurus nobilis, Halocryptovalsa endophytica from surface-sterilised, asymptomatic roots of Salicornia patula, Inocybe amygdaliolens on soil in mixed forest, Inocybe pityusarum on calcareous soil in mixed forest, Inocybe roseobulbipes on acidic soils, Neonectria borealis from roots of Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris, Sympoventuria eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., and Tuber conchae fromsoil. Sweden, Inocybe bidumensis on calcareous soil. Thailand, Cordyceps sandindaengensis on Lepidoptera pupa, buried in soil, Ophiocordyceps kuchinaraiensis on Coleoptera larva, buried in soil, and Samsoniella winandae on Lepidoptera pupa, buriedinsoil. Taiwan region (China), Neophaeosphaeria livistonae on dead leaf of Livistona rotundifolia. Türkiye, Melanogaster anatolicus on clay loamy soils. UK, Basingstokeomyces allii (incl. Basingstokeomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Allium schoenoprasum. Ukraine, Xenosphaeropsis corni on recently dead stem of Cornus alba. USA, Nothotrichosporon aquaticum (incl. Nothotrichosporon gen. nov.) from water, and Periconia philadelphiana from swab of coil surface. Morphological and culture characteristics for these new taxa are supported by DNA barcodes.The work of P.W. Crous and colleagues benefitted from funding by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (RISE) under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101008129, project acronym ‘Mycobiomics’, and the Dutch NWO Roadmap grant agreement No. 2020/ENW/00901156, project ‘Netherlands Infrastructure for Ecosystem and Biodiversity Analysis – Authoritative and Rapid Identification System for Essential biodiversity information’(acronym NIEBAARISE). G. Gulden, B. Rian and I. Saar thank K. Bendiksen at the fungarium and G. Marthinsen at NorBol, both Natural History Museum, University of Oslo for valuable help with the collections, and the sequencing of our finds of A. similis from 2022. Sincere thanks to A. Voitk for assistance with the colour plate and review of the manuscript. I. Saar was supported by the Estonian Research Council (grant PRG1170). P. Rodriguez-Flakus and co-authors are greatly indebted to their colleagues and all staff of the Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de SanAndrés, La Paz, for their generous long-term cooperation. Their research was financially supported by the National Science Centre (NCN) in Poland (grants numbers 2018/02/X/NZ8/02362 and 2021/43/B/NZ8/02902). Y.P. Tan and colleagues thank M.K. Schutze (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland, Australia) for determining the identity of the insect hosts for Aschersonia mackerrasiae. The Australian Biological Resources Study funded the project that led to the discovery of Aschersonia mackerrasiae. K.G.G. Ganga acknowledges support from the University Grants Commission (UGC), India, in the form of a UGC research fellowship (Ref No. 20/12/2015(ii) EU-V), and the authorities of the University of Calicut for providing facilities to conduct this study. S. Mahadevakumar acknowledges the Director, KSCSTE - Kerala Forest Research Institute and Head of Office, Botanical Survey of India,Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair for the necessary support and M. Madappa, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore for technical assistance. A.R. Podile thanks the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India for the JC Bose Fellowship (Grant No. JCB/2017/000053) & MoE and IOE-Directorate-UOH for project (Grant No.UOH-IOE-RC3-21-065). Financial support was provided to R. de L. Oliveira and K.D. Barbosa by the Coordenação deAperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) – Finance code 001, and to I.G. Baseia and M.P. Martín by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) under CNPq-Universal 2016 (409960/2016-0) and CNPq-visiting researcher (407474/2013-7). E. Larsson acknowledges the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative, SLU Artdatabanken, Uppsala, Sweden. H.Y. Mun and J. Goh were supported by a grant from the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NNIBR202301106). J. Trovão and colleagues were financed by FEDER - Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), and by Portuguese funds through FCT- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia in the framework of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-PTDC/EPH-PAT/3345/ 2014. Their research was carried out at the R & D Unit Centre for Functional Ecology – Science for People and the Planet (CFE), with reference UIDB/04004/2020, financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC). João Trovão was supported by POCH - Programa Operacional Capital Humano (co-funding by the European Social Fund and national funding by MCTES), through a ‘FCT- Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia’ PhD research grant (SFRH/ BD/132523/2017). O. Kaygusuz and colleagues thank the Research Fund of the Isparta University ofApplied Sciences for their financial support under the project number 2021-ILK1-0155. They also thank N. Sánchez Biezma of the Department of Drawing and Scientific Photography at the Alcalá University for his help in the digital preparation of the photographs. The research of M. Spetik and co-authors was supported by project No. IGAZF/2021-SI1003. V. Darmostuk and colleagues acknowledge our colleagues and all staff of the Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, for their generous long-term cooperation. They would also like to thank the SERNAP (http://sernap.gob.bo), and all protected areas staff, for providing permits for scientific studies, as well as their assistance and logistical support during the field works. This research was financially supported by the National Science Centre (NCN) in Poland (grant number DEC-2013/11/D/NZ8/ 03274). M. Kaliyaperumal and co-authors thank the Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras for the laboratory facilities. M. Kaliyaperumal thanks the Extramural Research-SERB, DST (EMR/2016/003078), Government of India, for financial assistance. M. Kaliyaperumal and K. Kezo thanks RUSA 2.0 (Theme-1, Group-1/2021/49) for providing a grant. M. Shivannegowda and colleagues thank C.R. Santhosh, Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru for technical support. They also thank K.R. Sridhar, Mangalore University, Karnataka, India and S.S.N. Maharachchikumbura, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu for their support and helping with technical inputs. The study of G.G. Barreto and co-authors was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES - Finance Code 001), and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - Proc. 131503/2019-7; Proc. 312984/2018-9); the authors also thank to Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica – PPGBOT. L.F.P. Gusmão thanks to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a research grant. T. Nkomo and colleagues thank the National Research Foundation of SouthAfrica for funding this study, with additional funding from the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute and the University of Pretoria. G. Delgado is grateful to W. Colbert and S. Ward (Eurofins Built Environment) for continual encouragement and provision of laboratory facilities. J.G. Maciá-Vicente acknowledges support from the Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz (LOEWE) of the state of Hesse within the framework of the Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF) of Goethe University Frankfurt. F. Esteve-Raventós and colleagues acknowledge P. Juste and J.C. Campos for the loan of some collections for study and N. Subervielle and L. Hugot (Conservatoire Botanique National de Corse, Office de l’Environnement de la Corse, Corti) for their assistance. They also acknowledge the Balearic Mycology Group (FCB) for their permanent help in the search for collections in the Balearic Islands, and Y. Turégano for obtaining some of the sequences presented here, and L. Parra for his suggestions and help on nomenclatural issues. S. Mongkolsamrit and colleagues were financially supported by the Platform Technology Management Section, National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Project Grant No. P19-50231. S. De la Peña-Lastra and colleagues thank the Atlantic Islands National Maritime-Terrestrial Park authorities and guards. A. Mateos and co-authors would like to thank Secretaria Regional doAmbiente eAlterações Climáticas Açores for the permission granted for the sampling (Licença nº 16/2021/ DRAAC). To the ECOTOX group for co-funding the trip. J. Mack & D.P. Overy were funded byAgriculture &Agri-Food Canada (Project ID#002272: Fungal and Bacterial Biosystematics-bridging taxonomy and “omics” technology in agricultural research and regulation) and are grateful for molecular sequencing support from the Molecular Technologies Laboratory (MTL) at the Ottawa Research & Development Centre of Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada. The study of P. Czachura was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, under the project 2019/35/N/NZ9/04173. The study of M. Piątek and coauthors was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, under the project 2017/27/B/NZ9/02902. O. Yarden and L. Granit were funded by the Israel Science Foundation (grant number 888/19). H. Taşkın and colleagues received support from the BulgarianAcademy of Sciences and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (Bilateral grant agreement between BAS and TÜBİTAK, project number 118Z640). The authors would also like to thank S. Şahin (İzmir, Türkiye) for conveying one of the localities of A. abscondita. Andrew Miller would like to thank the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center at the University of Illinois for Sanger sequencing. E.R. Osieck thanks Staatsbosbeheer for permission to collect fungi in Nieuw Wulven, in the Netherlands. P. van ‘t Hof and co-authors thank the Galapagos Genetic Barcode project supported by UK Research and Innovation, Global Challenges Research Fund, Newton Fund, University of Exeter, Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Galapagos Conservation Trust, and Biosecurity Agency of Galapagos (ABG).Peer reviewe

Balancing the order of the human world: natural and socio-historical confitions

Przedmiotem rozważań są różne sposoby rozumienia idei zrównoważonego rozwoju, w odniesieniu do trzech współzależnych dziedzin ludzkiego świata. Nadrzędnym celem wprowadzenia zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju jest osiągniecie trwałej symbiozy antroposfery z biosfera, polegające na współdziałaniu gatunku homo sapiens z przebiegiem procesów ewolucyjnych. Zachowanie tej równowagi jest warunkiem uniknięcia samozagłady. Tezą mojego artykułu będzie uzasadnienie twierdzenia, że optymalna strategia równoważenia rozwoju antroposfery polega na uruchomieniu takich samych mechanizmów utrzymywania dynamicznej równowagi jakie działają w naturalnych ekosystemach. Postaram się także pokazać, że antropocentryczna interpretacja zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju jest komplementarna z biocentryzmem.This paper considers various approaches to sustainable development and the relationship of the concept to three independent areas of the human world. The primary goal of implementing sustainable development is to achieve a symbiosis between the anthroposphere and the biosphere - a symbiosis characterised by harmony between Homo sapiens and evolutionary processes. Maintaining this balance is necessary if we are to avoid self-extermination. I wish to demonstrate here that the best strategy for the sustainable development of the anthroposphere involves maintaining a dynamic balance using the same mechanisms found to operate in natural ecosystems. I will also try to show that an anthropocentric interpretation of the principle of sustainable development complements biocentrism

The philosophical background of sustainable development

Przedmiotem rozważan są problemy związane z filozoficznym uzasadnieniem koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju. W tym kontekście ekofilozofia jest rozumiana jako nowa dziedzina filozofowania w obrębie której poszukuje się teoretycznego uzasadnienia trwałego rozwoju ludzkiego swiata w symbiozie z Przyroda. W konfrontacji głównych idei ekofilozofii z tradycyjną filozofią zmienia sie motyw przewodni filozofowania. Nowa filozofia nie poszukuje uzasadnienia eksploatatorskiej postawy człowieka wobec Przyrody, lecz przyznając biosferze wartość per se rozważa możliwość harmonijnej koegzystencji gatunku ludzkiego ze wszystkimi istotami żywymi wchodzącymi w skład ziemskiej biosfery. Zrównoważony rozwój jest na gruncie ekofilozofii rozumiany jako poszukiwanie właściwej miary określajacej ludzkie działania w środowisku. Jest on mechanizmem, który należy wbudować w rozwój cywilizacji zachodniej, aby - podobnie jak cywilizacja Majów - nie udławiła sie swoją własna potegą. Możliwość ekofilozofii jest uwarunkowana odpowiedzia na pytanie: Czy istnieje nieuchronny antagonizm między Naturą a kulturą? Treścia artykułu jest uzasadnienie negatywnej odpowiedzi na to pytanie.The present paper discusses the problems connected with the philosophical justification of sustainable development. In this context ecophilosophy is perceived as a new branch of philosophy devoted to the search for theoretical grounds for sustainable development of the human world in a symbiosis with Nature. When we confront the main ideas of ecophilosophy with those of traditional philosophy the basic motivation of philosophical inquiry changes considerably. The new philosophy does not try to justify human exploitation of Nature; by endowing the biosphere with a value per se, but rather contemplates the possibility of a harmonious coexistence of human beings with all other creatures living in the biosphere. Sustainable development is understood as a search for a proper measure of human activity in the environment. It is a mechanism that should be incorporated into the development of western civilization so that our civilization does not choke on its own power.The potential of ecophilosophy depends on the response to the question: “Is the antagonism between Nature and culture inevitable?” This paper tries to demonstrate that it is not

Society “Possessed by Ecology” is it a Threat to Human Freedom and Democracy?

Przedmiotem rozważań jest krytyczna analiza głównych idei ekofilozofii i polityki pro-ekologicznej. Argumenty krytyczne zgłaszane ze strony zwolenników liberalnego kapitalizmu zostaną przedstawione na przykładzie po-glądów Vaclava Klausa, a ze strony przedstawicieli tradycyjnego humanizmu na przykładzie poglądów Luca Ferry’ego. Rezultatem przeprowadzonych analiz będzie wykazanie, że krytyka polityki pro-ekologicznej dokonana przez V. Klausa w kontekście jego polemiki ze zwolennikami tzw. environmentalizmu jest oparta na nieporozumieniu. Natomiast argumenty krytyczne przedstawione przez L. Ferry’ego nie uwzględniają historycznego rozwoju humanizmu. Podsumowaniem rozważań jest twierdzenie, że realizacja polityki pro-ekologicznej nie polega na zerwaniu z tradycją humanizmu – jak sugeruje Ferry, lecz wymaga zreformowania tej tradycji. Przyznanie nieinstrumental-nej wartości naturalnym ekosystemom i w konsekwencji uwzględnianie interesów naturalnego środowiska w polityce może być postrzegane jako nowy etap rozwoju humanizmu. W nowej fazie rozwoju humanizmu nazy-wanego „humanizmem jutra” doskonalenie człowieka nie polega już na działaniach prowadzących do zerwania z Naturą, ani na dążeniu do jej zdominowania i podboju, lecz na mozolnym.The aim of this paper is a critical analysis of ecophilosophy and pro-ecologial politics. I present the arguments of the supporters of liberal capitalism on the basis of Vaclav Klaus’s opinions; and the arguments of traditional humanism on the basis of the views of Luc Ferry. My analysis will demonstrate that Klaus’s polemics with the supporters of the so called ‘environmentalism’ is based on a misunderstanding. Whereas Luc Ferry’s critical arguments fail to take into account the historical development of humanism. In conclusion I demonstrate that, contrary to what Ferry claims, pro-ecological poli-tics does not involve a breach with the humanistic tradition, it only requires a reform of that tradition. In a new phase of development of humanism, which we may call the ‘humanism of tomorrow’, human improvement does not entail a breach with Nature, or a conquest of Nature, it entails a new pact with Nature that will be realized by means of sustainable development

Sustainable development as "bewitching the world" - polemic comments

Autorka podejmuje polemikę z Marią Mendel, Małgorzatą Puchowską i Sylwestrem Zielką autorami artykułu "Zrównoważony rozwój - ''Czarowanie świata" ciągle i dla wszystkich dobrego?", zamieszczonym na łamach Problemów Ekologii w nrze 3/2008. Autorka uważa, ze artykuł był zamierzoną prowokacją, a twierdzenie, że zrównoważony rozwój jest społeczną praktyką dążenia do wszechogarniającej trwałości świata dobrego dla wszystkich form życia, które się nań składają jest obezwładniającym nieporozumieniem.The author initiates polemics with Maria Mendel, Małgorzata Puchowska and Sylwester Zielka - authors of the article entitled "Sustainable development: "Bewitching the world" still beneficial for everybody?" published in the issue no. 3/2008 of "Problemy Ekologii". The author claims that the article was an intended provocation and a statement that sustainable development is a social practice aimed at an all-embracing sustainability of the world beneficial for all forms of life which are part of it is an overpowering misunderstanding

Albert Schweitzer's ethics of respect for life and ecophilosophy

Przedmiotem rozważań jest analiza głównych założeń etyki czci dla życia Alberta Schweitzera, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem trudności, na jakie ona napotyka. Zasadnicza trudność wynika z rozwiązywania dylematów moralnych związanych z realizacji nakazu szacunku dla wszelkich przejawów życia w świecie, w którym życie toczy się z "żoładka do żoładka". Etyka szacunku dla życia, podkreślając moralność autonomii człowieka, każe mu działać wbrew regułom, według, których toczy się życie na Ziemi. Jak zatem pogodzić nieusuwalne zło tego świata z nieustannym obarczaniem ludzkiego sumienia poczuciem winy? Schweitzer uzasadnia etyki czci dla życia przez odwołanie się do metafizycznej woli życia, która wprawdzie jest nie z tego świata, lecz mimo to, stosuje je do świata rzeczywistego. Z tego dualizmu w pojmowaniu życia wywodzą się dylematy moralne jego etyki. Ekofilozofia przezwycięża dualizm Schweitzera w pojmowaniu życia i określa realizację etyki szacunku dla życia w ograniczonym zakresie. W takim zakresie jak to jest możliwe w świecie takim jaki jest.The subject of this discussion is the analysis of the main assumptions of Albert Schweitzer's ethics of respect for life with emphasis on the difficulties that such ethics faces. The main difficulty lies in the moral dilemmas which result from the implementation of the obligatory respect for all manifestations of life in the world in which life is lead "from stomach to stomach". The ethics of respect for life emphesizes man's moral autonomy and at the same time forces man to live against the rules which govern life on Earth. How can we reconcile the inherent evil of this world with the constant feeling of guilt? Schweitzer justifies the ethics of respect for life by referring to the metaphysical will to life, which is not from this world, but he applies it to the real world. Such dualistic understanding of life gives rise to the moral dilemmas of his ethics. Ecophilosophy may overcome the duality of Schweitzer understanding of life and implements the ethics of respect for life to a limited extent, to an extent which is possible in the world as it is