Discrete Emotion Effects on Lexical Decision Response Times

Our knowledge about affective processes, especially concerning effects on cognitive demands like word processing, is increasing steadily. Several studies consistently document valence and arousal effects, and although there is some debate on possible interactions and different notions of valence, broad agreement on a two dimensional model of affective space has been achieved. Alternative models like the discrete emotion theory have received little interest in word recognition research so far. Using backward elimination and multiple regression analyses, we show that five discrete emotions (i.e., happiness, disgust, fear, anger and sadness) explain as much variance as two published dimensional models assuming continuous or categorical valence, with the variables happiness, disgust and fear significantly contributing to this account. Moreover, these effects even persist in an experiment with discrete emotion conditions when the stimuli are controlled for emotional valence and arousal levels. We interpret this result as evidence for discrete emotion effects in visual word recognition that cannot be explained by the two dimensional affective space account

Comparison of major depression diagnostic classification probability using the SCID, CIDI, and MINI diagnostic interviews among women in pregnancy or postpartum: An individual participant data meta-analysis

Objectives A previous individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) identified differences in major depression classification rates between different diagnostic interviews, controlling for depressive symptoms on the basis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. We aimed to determine whether similar results would be seen in a different population, using studies that administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in pregnancy or postpartum. Methods Data accrued for an EPDS diagnostic accuracy IPDMA were analysed. Binomial generalised linear mixed models were fit to compare depression classification odds for the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID), controlling for EPDS scores and participant characteristics. Results Among fully structured interviews, the MINI (15 studies, 2,532 participants, 342 major depression cases) classified depression more often than the CIDI (3 studies, 2,948 participants, 194 major depression cases; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.21, 11.43]). Compared with the semistructured SCID (28 studies, 7,403 participants, 1,027 major depression cases), odds with the CIDI (interaction aOR = 0.88, 95% CI [0.85, 0.92]) and MINI (interaction aOR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.92, 0.99]) increased less as EPDS scores increased. Conclusion Different interviews may not classify major depression equivalently

Human pancreatic β cell incRNAs control cell-specific regulatory networks

Recent studies have uncovered thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in human pancreatic β cells. β cell lncRNAs are often cell type specific and exhibit dynamic regulation during differentiation or upon changing glucose concentrations. Although these features hint at a role of lncRNAs in β cell gene regulation and diabetes, the function of β cell lncRNAs remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the function of β cell-specific lncRNAs and transcription factors using transcript knockdowns and co-expression network analysis. This revealed lncRNAs that function in concert with transcription factors to regulate β cell-specific transcriptional networks. We further demonstrate that the lncRNA PLUTO affects local 3D chromatin structure and transcription of PDX1, encoding a key β cell transcription factor, and that both PLUTO and PDX1 are downregulated in islets from donors with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. These results implicate lncRNAs in the regulation of β cell-specific transcription factor networks

TST36-Klammernahtoperation bei Rektozelen und Hämorrhoidalprolaps - Ergebnisse der prospektiven deutschen multizentrischen Studie

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of stapled transanal procedures performed by a 36 mm stapling device, the so-called TST36 stapler.Methods: From September 2013 to June 2014 a prospective observational study was carried out by 8 proctology centers in Germany. The Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score (CCIS) for incontinence and the Altomare ODS score were determined preoperatively. Follow-up examinations were performed after 14 days, one month and 6 months, at this time both scores were reevaluated.Results: 110 consecutive patients (71 women, 39 men) with a mean age of 59.7 years (±13.8 years) were included in the study. The eight participating institutes entered 3 to 31 patients each into the study. The indication for surgery was an advanced hemorrhoidal disease in 55 patients and ODS with rectal intussusception or rectocele in 55 patients. Mechanical problems with stapler introduction occurred in 22 cases (20%) and a partial stapleline dehiscence in 4 cases (3.6%). Additional stitches for bleeding from stapleline were necessary in 86 patients (78.2%). Reintervention was necessary for bleeding 7 times (6.3%). Severe complications during follow-up were stapleline dehiscence in one case and recurrent hemorrhoidal prolapse in 5 cases (4.5%). Altomare ODS score and CCIS improved significantly after surgery.Conclusions: Despite a notable complication rate during surgery and the postoperative period, the TST36 can be considered as an effective tool for low rectal stapling for anorectal prolapse causing hemorrhoids or obstructed defecation.Einführung: Das Ziel der Studie war es, die Sicherheit und Durchführbarkeit der transanalen Klammernahtoperation mit einem neuen 36 mm Stapler, dem so genannten TST36-Stapler zu bewerten.Methoden: Ab September 2013 bis Juni 2014 wurde eine prospektive Beobachtungsstudie von 8 Proktologie-Zentren in Deutschland durchgeführt. Der Cleveland Clinic Inkontinenz-Score (CCIS) für Inkontinenz und der Altomare-ODS-Score wurden präoperativ bestimmt. Follow-up-Untersuchungen wurden nach 14 Tagen, einem Monat und 6 Monaten durchgeführt. Zu diesen Zeitpunkten wurden beide Scores erneut evaluiert.Ergebnisse: 110 Patienten (71 Frauen, 39 Männer) mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 59,7 Jahre (±13,8 Jahre) wurden in die Studie einbezogen. Die acht teilnehmenden Institute rekrutierten jeweils zwischen 3 bis 31 Patienten. Die Indikation zur Operation war ein fortgeschrittener Hämorrhoidalprolaps bei 55 Patienten und ODS mit rektale Invagination oder Rektozele bei 55 Patienten. Mechanische Probleme beim Einführen des Staplers gab es in 22 Fällen (20%) und eine partielle Klammernahtdehiszenz in 4 Fällen (3,6%). Zusätzliche Umstechungen bei Blutungen aus Klammernahtreihe waren bei 86 Patienten (78,2%) erforderlich. Wegen Blutungen waren insgesamt 7 Reinterventionen (6,3%) notwendig. Als schwere Komplikationen während des Follow-up wurden eine Klammernahtdehiszenz und rezidivierender Hämorrhoidalprolaps in 5 Fällen (4,5%) beobachtet. Altomare-ODS-Score und CCIS waren nach der Operation deutlich verbessert.Schlussfolgerungen: Trotz einer offenkundigen peri- und postoperativen Komplikationsrate kann die TST36-Stapleroperation als wirksame Maßnahme zur Behandlung anorektaler Prolapsformen und einer obstruktiven Defäkationsstörung angesehen werden

Groundwater pollution and quality monitoring approaches at the European level

The paper investigates the sources and processes of groundwater contamination and their assessment within the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework. Naturally occurring substances, trace elements, radionuclides, nutrients and salt (sodium chloride) are reviewed with emphasis on the assessment of the natural background load. Some synthetic substances are also considered, these being petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated aliphatics, pesticides and organic-waste contaminants. Newly emerging contaminants cannot be described within the DPSIR; therefore monitoring approaches and indicators of contamination are discussed in order to propose improved monitoring plans that combine physical, chemical and biological indicators and combine science with policy