VECTORS OF THEILERIA HIRCI IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST OF IRAN

Transmission to Ovins and Caprins of malignant theileriasis due to Thieileria hirci (= T. ovis) was referred to Rhipicephalus bursa in Serbia, Greece, and in the north and west of Iran. Yet, this tick has never been found in the south and southeast of Iran, and nevertheless thousands of animals died during theileriasis epidemics. According to the author, some ticks belonging to genus Hyalomma could be incriminated in the transmission

Transmission of <i>Theileria annulata</i> by the crushed infected unfed <i>Hyalomma dromedarii</i>

In two experiments in which two different strains of T. annulata were used it was possible to induce theileriasis by injection of the crushed infected unfed H. dromedarii. The nature of the disease corresponded with that transmitted naturally by the feeding of the tick vector.</jats:p

Ziya Gökalp’s adaptation of Emile Durkheim’s sociology in his formulation of the modern Turkish nation

Although Emile Durkheim’s sociology was used by the Turkish state elite in the early 20th century, no comprehensive literature delineating its influence on Turkish politics exists. This article attempts to fill this lacuna by analysing how Ziya Gökalp, the founding father of Turkish sociology and a prominent politician of the early 20th century, adapted Durkheimian sociology to explain and respond to the sociopolitical problems of the period. It relies on a comparative reading of the works of Gökalp and Durkheim, along with related academic literature. The present study proposes that: (1) Gökalp’s culture–civilization distinction is the foundation of his attempt to provide a basis for social unity in Turkey; and (2) Durkheim’s theoretical claims regarding magic and religion in particular, and his view on the relationship between social constraints and individual agencies in general, are intrinsic to the culture–civilization duality. This article concludes that the sociology of Ziya Gökalp is less original than has been suggested in the literature.N

Beyond special circumstances: climate change policy in Turkey 1992–2015

The contours of Turkey's climate policy have remained almost intact over the past two decades. Being an Annex I party without any mitigation commitments, Turkey maintains a peculiar position under UNFCCC. Subsequent to 12years of delay in signing both the Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, Turkey had the highest rate of increase in greenhouse gas emissions among the Annex I countries with 110.4% upsurge in the period 1990 and 2013. Yet with the new climate regime now in place, the country's mitigation pledges fall short of expectations both in terms of realistic projections and its ambition to step up in the post-2020 period. Climate policies in Turkey, an EU candidate and OECD founding member with a growing economy, remain under-investigated. Although the country has a wide range of policies and institutions in place, it shows limited progress in addressing climate change. Based on evidence from the literature, we observe that climate policies operationalize in Turkey insofar as they do not directly confront developmental ambitions, leaving policy diffusion with limited success. To provide a historic overview, we focus on climate policy development, actors, processes, and contemporary trends. Evidence shows that these are highly ridden with the politics of special circumstances: a notion that Turkey employs to refrain from bindings commitments. In order to go beyond special circumstances discourse, we argue the need for a bold policy shift in Turkey, a country subject to adverse impacts of climate change and high-carbon lock-in risk due to development policy preferences.</p