33 research outputs found

    Adaptive real-time dual-comb spectroscopy

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    With the advent of laser frequency combs, coherent light sources that offer equally-spaced sharp lines over a broad spectral bandwidth have become available. One decade after revolutionizing optical frequency metrology, frequency combs hold much promise for significant advances in a growing number of applications including molecular spectroscopy. Despite its intriguing potential for the measurement of molecular spectra spanning tens of nanometers within tens of microseconds at Doppler-limited resolution, the development of dual-comb spectroscopy is hindered by the extremely demanding high-bandwidth servo-control conditions of the laser combs. Here we overcome this difficulty. We experimentally demonstrate a straightforward concept of real-time dual-comb spectroscopy, which only uses free-running mode-locked lasers without any phase-lock electronics, a posteriori data-processing, or the need for expertise in frequency metrology. The resulting simplicity and versatility of our new technique of adaptive dual-comb spectroscopy offer a powerful transdisciplinary instrument that may spark off new discoveries in molecular sciences.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

    The HITRAN2020 Molecular Spectroscopic Database

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    The HITRAN database is a compilation of molecular spectroscopic parameters. It was established in the early 1970s and is used by various computer codes to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in gaseous media (with an emphasis on terrestrial and planetary atmospheres). The HITRAN compilation is composed of five major components: the line-by-line spectroscopic parameters required for high-resolution radiative-transfer codes, experimental infrared absorption cross-sections (for molecules where it is not yet feasible for representation in a line-by-line form), collision-induced absorption data, aerosol indices of refraction, and general tables (including partition sums) that apply globally to the data. This paper describes the contents of the 2020 quadrennial edition of HITRAN. The HITRAN2020 edition takes advantage of recent experimental and theoretical data that were meticulously validated, in particular, against laboratory and atmospheric spectra. The new edition replaces the previous HITRAN edition of 2016 (including its updates during the intervening years). All five components of HITRAN have undergone major updates. In particular, the extent of the updates in the HITRAN2020 edition range from updating a few lines of specific molecules to complete replacements of the lists, and also the introduction of additional isotopologues and new (to HITRAN) molecules: SO, CH3F, GeH4, CS2, CH3I and NF3. Many new vibrational bands were added, extending the spectral coverage and completeness of the line lists. Also, the accuracy of the parameters for major atmospheric absorbers has been increased substantially, often featuring sub-percent uncertainties. Broadening parameters associated with the ambient pressure of water vapor were introduced to HITRAN for the first time and are now available for several molecules. The HITRAN2020 edition continues to take advantage of the relational structure and efficient interface available at www.hitran.org and the HITRAN Application Programming Interface (HAPI). The functionality of both tools has been extended for the new edition

    Laser spectroscopy for breath analysis : towards clinical implementation

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    Detection and analysis of volatile compounds in exhaled breath represents an attractive tool for monitoring the metabolic status of a patient and disease diagnosis, since it is non-invasive and fast. Numerous studies have already demonstrated the benefit of breath analysis in clinical settings/applications and encouraged multidisciplinary research to reveal new insights regarding the origins, pathways, and pathophysiological roles of breath components. Many breath analysis methods are currently available to help explore these directions, ranging from mass spectrometry to laser-based spectroscopy and sensor arrays. This review presents an update of the current status of optical methods, using near and mid-infrared sources, for clinical breath gas analysis over the last decade and describes recent technological developments and their applications. The review includes: tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, integrated cavity output spectroscopy, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy, and optical frequency comb spectroscopy. A SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) is presented that describes the laser-based techniques within the clinical framework of breath research and their appealing features for clinical use.Peer reviewe

    Functional packaging in food

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    Logistyczne aspekty ekologicznych wska藕nik贸w oddzia艂ywania biogazowni rolniczej

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    Background: Poland must fulfill its obligations regarding increasing the share in the production of energy from renewable sources. By 2020, this share for Poland is to amount to a minimum of 15% of green energy consumption in final gross energy consumption. Poland has significant biomass potential that can be used for biogas production. Biogas can be produced in biogas installations installed in landfills, sewage treatment plants or agricultural biogas plants. Literature sources state that in studies of environmental effects concerning the operation of agricultural biogas plants, it is the logistics of the feedstock load that causes the greatest environmental burdens as well as that the distance to which the feedstock is transported significantly affects the growth of global warming potential. In this publication for the first time for Polish conditions will be presented the results of the analysis of logistics aspects and their impact on the ecological impact indicators of four agricultural biogas plants differing in the way the feedstock is provided. Methods: The assessment of ecological impact indicators was carried out using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology based on ISO 14040-44 and using the LCIA Impact 2002+ method. In this method 15 impact categories are distinguished to which damage categories: Human health, Ecosystem quality, Climate change and Resources are assigned. Primary data obtained in the tested biogas plants and selected secondary data obtained from the Ecoinvent database v. 3.4 were processed using the SimaPro Ph.D. v. 8.3.0 calculation program. All results are analyzed relative to the functional unit defined as producing 1000 MWh of electricity. The analyzed four agricultural biogas plants are representative examples for particular types of agricultural biogas plants. Results: The results of the calculations show that the greatest environmental effects are related to the stage of providing the raw material in biogas installations, mainly due to the long-distance transport of substrates with the use of heavy transportation equipment. The results of the variant analysis show that transporting slurry with a pipeline would allow for 10-fold reduction of environmental damage in relation to BAU, i.e. transport by means of a farm tractor with a barrel. Conclusions: The logistics aspects of the operation of selected agricultural biogas plants differing in the way the feedstock is provided are one of the main factors affecting their ecological efficiency. The transport of raw materials, both as to the length of the transport route and the means of transport used, impact on the ecological impact indicators of agricultural biogas plants. The obtained positive environmental effects from the production of electricity from biogas are often significantly reduced by inadequate transport of raw materials or their transport over long distances. Further work is required to convince the biogas plants operators on the need of proper logistics solutions. Preferably if based on the results of the presented analyzes, they should consider submitting a logistics management system for the flow of raw materials in a biogas plant, to the certification for example in the ISCC system and REDcert.Wst臋p: Polska musi wype艂ni膰 swoje zobowi膮zania dotycz膮ce zwi臋kszenia udzia艂u energii ze 藕r贸de艂 odnawialnych w produkcji energii elektrycznej. Do roku 2020 ten udzia艂 dla Polski ma wynosi膰 co najmniej 15% ca艂kowitego zu偶ycia energii w ko艅cowym zu偶yciu energii brutto. Polska ma znaczny potencja艂 biomasy, kt贸ry mo偶na wykorzysta膰 do produkcji biogazu. Biogaz mo偶na produkowa膰 w instalacjach biogazowych instalowanych na sk艂adowiskach odpad贸w, oczyszczalniach 艣ciek贸w lub biogazowniach rolniczych. 殴r贸d艂a literaturowe stwierdzaj膮, 偶e w badaniach skutk贸w 艣rodowiskowych dotycz膮cych eksploatacji biogazowni rolniczych, logistyka wsadu surowca powoduje najwi臋ksze obci膮偶enia 艣rodowiska. Odleg艂o艣膰, na kt贸rej transportowany jest surowiec, znacz膮co wp艂ywa na wzrost potencja艂u globalnego ocieplenia. W niniejszej publikacji po raz pierwszy dla polskich warunk贸w zostan膮 przedstawione wyniki analizy aspekt贸w logistycznych i ich wp艂ywu na wska藕niki oddzia艂ywania 艣rodowiskowego czterech biogazowni rolniczych r贸偶ni膮cych si臋 sposobem podawania surowca. Metody: Ocena wska藕nik贸w oddzia艂ywania ekologicznego zosta艂a przeprowadzona przy u偶yciu metodologii Analizy cyklu 呕ycia [Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)] opartej na normie ISO 14040-44 z zastosowaniem metody LCIA Impact 2002+. W tej metodzie wyodr臋bnia si臋 15 kategorii oddzia艂ywania, do kt贸rych zaliczane s膮 takie kategorie szk贸d jak wp艂yw na zdrowie ludzi, wp艂yw na jako艣膰 ekosystemu, wp艂yw na zmiany klimatu i zasoby naturalne. Dane pierwotne uzyskane w badanych instalacjach biogazowych i wybrane dane wt贸rne uzyskane z bazy danych Ecoinvent v. 3.4 zosta艂y przetworzone przy u偶yciu programu obliczeniowego SimaPro Ph.D. v. 8.3.0. Wszystkie wyniki by艂y analizowane w odniesieniu do jednostki funkcjonalnej zdefiniowanej jako wytworzenie 1000 MWh energii elektrycznej w biogazowni rolniczej. Analizowane cztery biogazownie rolnicze s膮 reprezentatywnymi przyk艂adami dla poszczeg贸lnych rodzaj贸w biogazowni rolniczych. Wyniki: Wyniki analiz wskazuj膮, 偶e najwi臋ksze negatywne efekty 艣rodowiskowe zwi膮zane s膮 z etapem dostarczania surowca do instalacji biogazowych, g艂贸wnie ze wzgl臋du na transport wsadu na du偶e odleg艂o艣ci przy u偶yciu ci臋偶kiego sprz臋tu transportowego. Wyniki analizy wariantowej pokazuj膮, 偶e transport gnojowicy za pomoc膮 ruroci膮gu pozwoli艂by na 10-krotne zmniejszenie szk贸d 艣rodowiskowych w stosunku do BAU, tj. transportu za pomoc膮 ci膮gnika rolniczego z beczk膮. Wnioski: Aspekty logistyczne dzia艂ania wybranych biogazowni rolniczych r贸偶ni膮cych si臋 sposobem podawania surowca s膮 jednym z g艂贸wnych czynnik贸w wp艂ywaj膮cych na jego efektywno艣膰 ekologiczn膮. Transport surowc贸w, zar贸wno pod wzgl臋dem d艂ugo艣ci trasy transportu, jak i wykorzystywanych 艣rodk贸w transportu, wp艂ywa na wska藕niki oddzia艂ywania ekologicznego biogazowni rolniczych. Uzyskany pozytywny wp艂yw na 艣rodowisko wynikaj膮cy z produkcji energii elektrycznej z biogazu jest cz臋sto znacznie ograniczany przez niedostateczny transport surowc贸w lub ich transport na du偶e odleg艂o艣ci. Konieczne s膮 dalsze prace, aby przekona膰 operator贸w biogazowni o potrzebie odpowiednich rozwi膮za艅 logistycznych. Najlepiej, gdyby w oparciu o wyniki przedstawionych analiz rozwa偶yli poddanie systemu zarz膮dzania logistyk膮 przep艂ywu surowc贸w w biogazowni certyfikacji np. w systemie ISCC oraz REDcert

    Nanowaste as a new kind of waste potentially harmful to the environment

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    Nanoodpady to nowy rodzaj odpad贸w zawieraj膮cych materia艂y nanometryczne. Wyr贸偶nia si臋 r贸偶ne formy nanoodpad贸w. Gospodarka tymi odpadami oraz okre艣lenie poziomu ich szkodliwo艣ci to nowe wyzwania, na kt贸re zwraca uwag臋 coraz wi臋cej naukowc贸w. Pomocnym narz臋dziem mo偶e okaza膰 si臋 okre艣lenie norm klasyfikacji nanoodpad贸w. Zwraca si臋 uwag臋 na potrzeb臋 rozwoju bada艅 w obszarze post臋powania z nanoodpadami, w celu unikni臋cia potencjalnych zagro偶e艅 p艂yn膮cych z niekontrolowanego i nieprzewidzianego uwalniania nanocz膮stek z odpad贸w do 艣rodowiska naturalnego.Nanowaste is a new kind of waste containing nanometric materials. There are various forms of nanowaste. Nanowaste management and determining the level of environmental harmfulness of this waste is a new challenge, which draws attention of more and more researchers. Classification standards of nanowaste may be a helpful tool in this case. There is a need to develop research in the field of nanowaste treatment, to avoid uncontrolled and unexpected release of nanoparticles from waste into the environment

    A study of the influence of selected transition metals on the solid state Reactivity in a Fe-KClO4 mixture

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    The effect of selected transition metal powders (Zn, Ti, Mo and nano-Fe), in the concentration range from 0-5 wt.%, when used as activators in the highly calorific mixture Fe-KClO4 (containing 16 wt.% KClO4), has been studied. It has been established that zinc and molybdenum powders can act as factors in decreasing the activation temperature and increasing the effectiveness of the oxidant used. Titanium powder increases the oxygen conversion rate and the amount of energy released. Iron nano-powder has only a slight influence on the above mentioned parameters

    Aspects of nanomaterials for civil and military applications Part 1. The origin, characterization and methods of obtaining

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    W pracy przedstawiono podstawowe aspekty materia艂贸w o wysokim stopniu zdyspergowania w skali nanometrycznej obejmuj膮ce pochodzenie, budow臋 i klasyfikacj臋, wykazywane w艂a艣ciwo艣ci oraz ich metody wytwarzania. Osobliwe w艂a艣ciwo艣ci i zjawiska wykazywane przez te materia艂y sprawi艂y, 偶e w ostatnich dw贸ch dekadach jeste艣my 艣wiadkami rewolucji materia艂owej. 艢wiadczy o tym zar贸wno i istotny wzrost intensywno艣ci prowadzonych prac badawczych jak i rosn膮cy zakres mo偶liwo艣ci praktycznego stosowania osi膮gni臋膰 nanotechnologii we wszystkich dziedzinach naszego 偶ycia.At work are fundamental aspects of materials with a high degree of nanometric scale has dispersed, including their origin, construction and classification, reported properties and manufacturing methods. Peculiar properties and phenonena reported by these materials have made in the last two decades, we are witnessing a revolution in materials. These shows both a significant increase in the intensity of the carried out research work and the growing range of practical applications of nanotechnology advances in all areas of our lives

    Aspects of nanomaterials for civil and military applications. Part 2. The use of and concerns arising from infiltration of the natural environment

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    Dynamiczny rozw贸j nanonauki i nanotechnologii sprawi艂, 偶e w wielu dziedzinach nauki i w sektorach przemys艂u zachodz膮 rewolucyjne zmiany budz膮c ogromne nadzieje na potencjaln膮 mo偶liwo艣膰 rozwi膮zania ca艂ego szeregu istotnych problem贸w wsp贸艂czesnego 艣wiata. Nanostrukturalne materia艂y okre艣lane te偶 mianem nanocz膮stek in偶ynierskich stanowi膮ce produkt nanotechnologii wykazuj膮 w por贸wnaniu do swoich odpowiednik贸w w skali makro unikatowe w艂a艣ciwo艣ci fizyczne, chemiczne, biologiczne i mechaniczne. Wszystko to sprawia, 偶e znajduj膮 one coraz szersze praktyczne zastosowanie. W pracy zaprezentowano mo偶liwo艣ci stosowania nanocz膮stek in偶ynierskich ze szczeg贸lnym uwzgl臋dnieniem sektora obronnego oraz obawy wynikaj膮ce z ich uwalniania do 艣rodowiska przyrodniczego.The dynamic development of nanosciences and nanotechnologies has led to revolutionary changes in many areas of science and industry, raising a great deal of hope for the potential for solving all of the major problems of the modern world. Nanostructural materials, also known as nanoparticles, represent nanotechnology products with unique physical, chemical, biological and mechanical properties compared to their macroscale counterparts. All this lead to their increasingly practical to use. The paper presents the possibilities of the application of nanoparticles with particular regard to the defense sector and the concerns arising from their release into the natural environment

    Degradability of organic-inorganic cellulose acetate butyrate hybrids in sea water

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    Environmental degradability of novel organic-inorganic cellulose acetate butyrate hybrids obtained via solgel process was investigated. The degradation of hybrids was studied under marine exposure conditions in the Baltic Sea for a period of 25 weeks. The influence of characteristic parameters of sea water on the degree of degradation monitored by changes of weight and optical microscopy was discussed. The degraded samples were also examined by FT-IR spectroscopy. It has been established that the CAB/silica hybrids are more susceptible to biodegradation in sea water environment than pure cellulose acetate butyrate
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