Division of labor in transport and the influence of the public sector

Urban mobility of persons is an important social phenomenon. It represents effected movement of people from one settlement to another, for reasons of performing purposeful and intentional activities related to work, education, shopping, procurement of services and number of others. Nowadays, mobility of persons poses serious environmental effects caused by a particularly extensive use of personal car traffic for transport of persons on their trips. The solution to this problem is one of the key elements in plans for improvement of sustainability of local development. Public administration pays consistently high attention to mobility of persons and by its decisions it fundamentally affects the quality of life of urban population. The basic trend is represented by the preference of environmentally friendly modes of transport. That is walking, cycling and mass public transport. The indicator used for tracking of the use of the means of transport in urban mobility is the transport division of labor, the so-called modal split. This characteristic refers to the percentage of the various types of transport on the total number of trips performed by persons in a particular settlement in the course of one day, usually one working day. The article examines the transport division of labor in Prague and in twelve regional capitals in the Czech Republic. The work is conducted in two steps. The first step, the primary data is compiled into tables according to which of the defined modes of transport are used by people for travel to work and school in the regional capitals in the Czech Republic. The second step addresses the issue of consistence in the division of labor in transport across the tested set of cities. This hypothesis is assessed by a consistency test (chi-square test). The taken hypothesis was not confirmed and, therefore we examined the strength of the relationship between the observed and calculated frequencies of use of the various means of transport. The testing is carried out using adjusted residual values. For clearer representation and interpretation, the obtained results are transferred to the graphical form of a sign schema. © 2018, Bucharest University of Economic Studies Publishing House. All rights reserved

Analysis of Covid restrictions influence on road traffic crashes and related road users behaviour in the Czech Republic

The Covid pandemic and following restrictions worldwide influence various aspects -lockdown does not only have economic consequences but is also associated with a change in population mobility. As well as the spread of a pandemic and the associated numbers of infections and deaths, policy responses and restrictions have also varied from country to country. Despite all the negative impacts of the Covid pandemic, the decrease in crash-related injuries may be seen as one of the positive impacts of lockdown politics. The change in crash characteristics dur-ing the Covid lockdown may provide new insights and help design countermeasures for road safety improvement. It is not sufficient to generalize findings across individual countries, there were different trends in crash frequency and severity during the Covid lockdown The main purpose of this study was to investigate the Covid restriction's impact on road safety in the Czech Republic. The retrospective analysis was performed using data the Police crash statistics. In addition to data from the main Covid periods (2020 and 5 months of 2021 data), crash data from 2016-2019 as the period unaffected by the Covid pandemic, were used as a control group. The study focused not only on the overall crash frequency but also on the analysis of the crash frequency according to the individual crash participants. Crash data did not indicate significant changes in risky behaviour. The mobility decrease was associated with decreased crash frequency, especially of vehicles and pedestrians. The crash numbers also reflect changes in how people spend time, respectively an increase in leisure time activities in some age groups and a change in usage of transport modes. Two-wheeled vehicle users (cyclists, motorcyclists) crash frequency was more influenced by seasonality. While the crash frequency of vehicles (personal vehicles and HGVs) and pedestrians was better correlated with mobility data, the cyclists and motorcyclists crash frequency were better correlated with temperature

Mathematical aspects of the kriging applied on landslide in Halenkovice (Czech Republic)

Kriging is one of the geostatistical techniques for spatial data analysis that is usually used for a modelling of natural phenomena or a creation of digital elevation models. In this paper, we introduce kriging methods in the context of a landslide modelling in time. The proposed procedure, as well as most of the statistical methods, is designed for complete data sets, i.e. the observations at the beginning and the end of the study are available. In order to use all the information from the data and to avoid the loss of information after omitting observations with missing values, the algorithm for imputation of missing data values based on kriging techniques is proposed. The methodology was verified by the landslide modelling in Halenkovice, Czech Republic, during the period from June 2008 to March 2010. The obtained results showed a potential of kriging methods for the landslide modelling. © R. Zůvala et al., published by De Gruyter Open.Operational Program Education for Competitiveness - European Social Fund (Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic) [CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0170]; Internal Grant Agency of Palacky University in Olomouc [IGA_PrF_2015_013

Analysis of Covid restrictions’ influence on road traffic crashes and related road users’ behaviour in the Czech Republic

The Covid pandemic and following restrictions worldwide influence various aspects -lockdown does not only have economic consequences but is also associated with a change in population mobility. As well as the spread of a pandemic and the associated numbers of infections and deaths, policy responses and restrictions have also varied from country to country. Despite all the negative impacts of the Covid pandemic, the decrease in crash-related injuries may be seen as one of the positive impacts of lockdown politics. The change in crash characteristics during the Covid lockdown may provide new insights and help design countermeasures for road safety improvement. It is not sufficient to generalize findings across individual countries, there were different trends in crash frequency and severity during the Covid lockdown The main purpose of this study was to investigate the Covid restriction's impact on road safety in the Czech Republic. The retrospective analysis was performed using data the Police crash statistics. In addition to data from the main Covid periods (2020 and 5 months of 2021 data), crash data from 2016-2019 as the period unaffected by the Covid pandemic, were used as a control group. The study focused not only on the overall crash frequency but also on the analysis of the crash frequency according to the individual crash participants. Crash data did not indicate significant changes in risky behaviour. The mobility decrease was associated with decreased crash frequency, especially of vehicles and pedestrians. The crash numbers also reflect changes in how people spend time, respectively an increase in leisure time activities in some age groups and a change in usage of transport modes. Two-wheeled vehicle users (cyclists, motorcyclists) crash frequency was more influenced by seasonality. While the crash frequency of vehicles (personal vehicles and HGVs) and pedestrians was better correlated with mobility data, the cyclists and motorcyclists crash frequency were better correlated with temperature

The Comparison of 3D and 2D Measurement Techniques Used for the Analysis of Vehicle Deformation

As one of the main assumptions for the accident analysis has been detailed information about vehicle deformation. The precise deformation depth allows to quantify deformation energy and related impact speed. The aim of this paper has been the comparison of two selected methods used for the determination of deformation depth. For the purpose of this paper were selected top-view photography as basic and cheap method and 3D scanning as modern and advanced method. Different vehicles and 2 basic types of damage - frontal and side impact - were chosen for the analysis. Also, the different range of vehicle deformation depth were selected. On the basis of obtained results is possible to determine the applicability of these methods, their advantages and limitations

What influences lateral position in horizontal curves?

Three road marking types — edgelines, a centreline, and no marking — are used on rural Czech roads, even though their impact on the lateral position of a vehicle in real-life driving behaviour is not completely understood. This study strives to fill this gap for horizontal curves. It considers the road marking type and other factors in a sample of 68 curves. The modelling results confirm that, in addition to driving speed, road width, and other factors, the road marking type has an impact on the lateral position. Based on an analysis of road axis exceedance, the centreline proved better for curve negotiation because it led to trajectories farther from the road axis, lowering the probability of a head-on crash. Thus, the centreline marking proved to be the better alternative in terms of lateral position, as well as in the practical perspective. This finding provides guidance for road administrators towards increasing the consistency of road marking

What should I use to calculate vehicle EES?

Comprehensive crash analysis includes calculating impact speed, which requires the determination of kinetic energy expended on the deformation of the vehicle's structural elements at the point of contact during a collision. The accuracy of the input data affects the resulting analysis of the crash. Therefore, this article aims to analyse selected factors influencing the determination of Energy Equivalent Speed (EES) determination using the CRASH3 algorithm: the extent of damage using defined measurement points, deformation width, and also limit speed b0. The variables were varied depending on selected factors such as the extent of damage, the type of collision (overlap), and also vehicle type (vehicle category classification). The presented study concluded that using 2 equally spaced measurement points to define the deformation profile should not be recommended in forensic practice when using CRASH3 algorithm. Using 7 measurement points seems more appropriate in case of equal spacing, even though the differences in calculated EES are not high when using 5 or 6 measurement points, especially with respect to the inaccuracy/technically acceptable tolerance of the EES value determination. The resulting EES is significantly influenced by variation of the deformation width. The used b0 range had a significant effect on the resulting EES value only in the case of SUVs. These vehicles show higher stiffness, which supposes the use of lower b0 values should not be recommended

Analysis of safety impact of paved shoulder width on Czech secondary roads

Traffic safety is influenced, among other factors, by characteristics of the roads, which include the width of the shoulder. Shoulder width was noted to have a large effect on crash frequency, as well as on traffic speed. In this paper, we focused on paved shoulders. Previous studies confirmed that increasing the width of the paved shoulder is associated with a decrease in crash frequency. However, wider shoulders may encourage higher driving speed, which is related to an increase of impact speed and crash severity – this issue was hypothesized, but not statistically investigated. Thus, conclusions based on crashes and speeds contradict each other, and there is no simple answer to the question of the safety impact of wide shoulders. To address this gap, we analyzed a sample of two most typical categories of Czech secondary roads, which differ only in the paved shoulder width (S9.5 roads with 0.75m-wide shoulder, and S11.5 roads with 1.75m-wide shoulder) and thus present a suitable example for studying the safety impact of paved shoulder width. We used generalized linear models of crash frequency, and multinomial logistic models of crash severity (separately for single-vehicle and multi-vehicle crashes), as well as a statistical test of differences in speed for the two road categories. The results showed that: Firstly, there were fewer crashes on S11.5 roads compared to S9.5 roads; this was true for both single-vehicle and multi-vehicle crashes. Secondly, single-vehicle crashes on S11.5 roads were more severe compared to S9.5 roads; the change of severity in multi-vehicle crashes was not statistically significant. Thirdly, driving speeds on S11.5 roads were approx. by 7 km/h higher compared to S9.5 roads. These findings support the hypothesis of an association between wider shoulders, higher speeds, and increased crash severity, especially in the case of single-vehicle crashes. As a practical solution, various speed management measures, including widening to a 2+1 road, may be recommended