23 research outputs found

    Analyse multi-échelles des compromis entre services écosystémiques fournis par la flore adventice

    No full text
    Weeds contribute to the provision of various ecosystem services, negative when linked to their harmfulness (disservices) and positive due to the provision of trophic resources (floral resources, seeds) to pollinators and pest natural enemies (services). In this PhD thesis, we analysed how crop management strategies (coherent crop sequences and associated farming practices) implemented by farmers within a small agricultural landscape modulate the weed contribution to (dis)services provision. We also assessed the relative contribution of field cores and field edges (narrow area between the 1st row of the crop and the boundary) to these services. At the annual scale, we show that crop type highly impacts the (dis)services provision, through an effect on the composition of the weed assemblages, but also on the growth rate of individual weed plants and their probability to reach the flowering and seeding stages. Services are thereby higher and more stable within year in the less competitive crops. Similarly, and despite the small area they cover, field edges play a major role in the provision of services at the field scale because they harbour higher weed abundance and richness with individual plants that contribute more to services than the plants located in field cores. At the pluriannual scale, crop management strategy (and notably the crop sequence), drives the level of (dis)services provision. We observe positive correlations between services and disservices, however we managed to identify weed species which provide, in specific growing conditions (crop type, location in the field), the best (dis)services bundles. By a statistical simulation method focussing on the effect of the crop management strategy assemblage at the studied small landscape scale, we show that scenarii composed of a large number of strategies in even proportions are those that deliver the best compromises. Scenarii in which field size was reduced (and which therefore increased the area of field edges in the landscape) resulted in the increase of both services and disservices provision but a higher temporal stability in the provision of services. These results suggest that crop diversification, in space and time, could be an interesting solution to increase weed contribution to ecosystem services provision, without producing too much disservices.La flore adventice contribue Ă  la fourniture de services Ă©cosystĂ©miques, nĂ©gatifs s’ils sont liĂ©s Ă  une nuisibilitĂ© pour la culture (disservices), ou positifs via la fourniture de ressources trophiques (ressources florales, graines) favorisant des pollinisateurs et auxilaires de cultures. Dans cette thĂšse, nous avons analysĂ© comment les stratĂ©gies agricoles (combinaisons logiques de successions de cultures et de pratiques agricoles associĂ©es) mises en place par les agriculteurs Ă  l’échelle d’un petit territoire, modulent la contribution des adventices Ă  la fourniture de (dis)services. Nous avons Ă©galement considĂ©rĂ© la contribution relative des flores de plein champ et d’interface (zone Ă©troite entre le 1e rang de culture et la bordure pĂ©renne) Ă  ces services. A l’échelle annuelle, nous mettons en Ă©vidence que le type de culture affecte fortement la fourniture de services, en dĂ©terminant non seulement la composition floristique, mais aussi la croissance des individus et leur probabilitĂ© d’atteindre les stades de floraison et de grenaison. Les services sont ainsi plus Ă©levĂ©s et plus stables dans les cultures les moins compĂ©titives. Par ailleurs, et malgrĂ© la faible superficie qu’elles occupent, les interfaces jouent un rĂŽle important dans la fourniture de services Ă  l’échelle de la parcelle, du fait d’une abondance et d’une richesse spĂ©cifique en adventices plus grandes, mais aussi d’une contribution par plante plus importante que dans le plein champ. A l’échelle pluriannuelle, nous montrons que la stratĂ©gie agricole, et notamment la succession de cultures, module le niveau de fourniture de services. L’étude des compromis entre services rĂ©vĂšle une corrĂ©lation positive entre services et disservices, mais nous avons cependant identifiĂ© des espĂšces adventices qui, dans certaines conditions (type de culture, interface ou plein champ), fournissent les meilleurs bouquets de services. Un travail de simulation de l’effet de diffĂ©rents assolements, Ă  l’échelle du petit territoire Ă©tudiĂ©, suggĂšre que la coexistence d’un grand nombre de stratĂ©gies agricoles en proportion Ă©quitable est le scĂ©nario le plus favorable pour obtenir les meilleurs compromis. Les scĂ©narios impliquant une rĂ©duction de la taille des parcelles (conduisant Ă  une part d’interfaces plus importante) indiquent quant Ă  eux une augmentation conjointe des services et disservices mais une plus grande stabilitĂ© temporelle de la fourniture de services. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent qu’une diversification des cultures, dans l’espace et le temps, permet d’augmenter la contribution des adventices Ă  la fourniture de services Ă©cosystĂ©miques sans engendrer de disservices majeurs

    Multi-scale analysis of the trade-offs between ecosystem services provided by weeds

    No full text
    La flore adventice contribue Ă  la fourniture de services Ă©cosystĂ©miques, nĂ©gatifs s’ils sont liĂ©s Ă  une nuisibilitĂ© pour la culture (disservices), ou positifs via la fourniture de ressources trophiques (ressources florales, graines) favorisant des pollinisateurs et auxilaires de cultures. Dans cette thĂšse, nous avons analysĂ© comment les stratĂ©gies agricoles (combinaisons logiques de successions de cultures et de pratiques agricoles associĂ©es) mises en place par les agriculteurs Ă  l’échelle d’un petit territoire, modulent la contribution des adventices Ă  la fourniture de (dis)services. Nous avons Ă©galement considĂ©rĂ© la contribution relative des flores de plein champ et d’interface (zone Ă©troite entre le 1e rang de culture et la bordure pĂ©renne) Ă  ces services. A l’échelle annuelle, nous mettons en Ă©vidence que le type de culture affecte fortement la fourniture de services, en dĂ©terminant non seulement la composition floristique, mais aussi la croissance des individus et leur probabilitĂ© d’atteindre les stades de floraison et de grenaison. Les services sont ainsi plus Ă©levĂ©s et plus stables dans les cultures les moins compĂ©titives. Par ailleurs, et malgrĂ© la faible superficie qu’elles occupent, les interfaces jouent un rĂŽle important dans la fourniture de services Ă  l’échelle de la parcelle, du fait d’une abondance et d’une richesse spĂ©cifique en adventices plus grandes, mais aussi d’une contribution par plante plus importante que dans le plein champ. A l’échelle pluriannuelle, nous montrons que la stratĂ©gie agricole, et notamment la succession de cultures, module le niveau de fourniture de services. L’étude des compromis entre services rĂ©vĂšle une corrĂ©lation positive entre services et disservices, mais nous avons cependant identifiĂ© des espĂšces adventices qui, dans certaines conditions (type de culture, interface ou plein champ), fournissent les meilleurs bouquets de services. Un travail de simulation de l’effet de diffĂ©rents assolements, Ă  l’échelle du petit territoire Ă©tudiĂ©, suggĂšre que la coexistence d’un grand nombre de stratĂ©gies agricoles en proportion Ă©quitable est le scĂ©nario le plus favorable pour obtenir les meilleurs compromis. Les scĂ©narios impliquant une rĂ©duction de la taille des parcelles (conduisant Ă  une part d’interfaces plus importante) indiquent quant Ă  eux une augmentation conjointe des services et disservices mais une plus grande stabilitĂ© temporelle de la fourniture de services. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent qu’une diversification des cultures, dans l’espace et le temps, permet d’augmenter la contribution des adventices Ă  la fourniture de services Ă©cosystĂ©miques sans engendrer de disservices majeurs.Weeds contribute to the provision of various ecosystem services, negative when linked to their harmfulness (disservices) and positive due to the provision of trophic resources (floral resources, seeds) to pollinators and pest natural enemies (services). In this PhD thesis, we analysed how crop management strategies (coherent crop sequences and associated farming practices) implemented by farmers within a small agricultural landscape modulate the weed contribution to (dis)services provision. We also assessed the relative contribution of field cores and field edges (narrow area between the 1st row of the crop and the boundary) to these services. At the annual scale, we show that crop type highly impacts the (dis)services provision, through an effect on the composition of the weed assemblages, but also on the growth rate of individual weed plants and their probability to reach the flowering and seeding stages. Services are thereby higher and more stable within year in the less competitive crops. Similarly, and despite the small area they cover, field edges play a major role in the provision of services at the field scale because they harbour higher weed abundance and richness with individual plants that contribute more to services than the plants located in field cores. At the pluriannual scale, crop management strategy (and notably the crop sequence), drives the level of (dis)services provision. We observe positive correlations between services and disservices, however we managed to identify weed species which provide, in specific growing conditions (crop type, location in the field), the best (dis)services bundles. By a statistical simulation method focussing on the effect of the crop management strategy assemblage at the studied small landscape scale, we show that scenarii composed of a large number of strategies in even proportions are those that deliver the best compromises. Scenarii in which field size was reduced (and which therefore increased the area of field edges in the landscape) resulted in the increase of both services and disservices provision but a higher temporal stability in the provision of services. These results suggest that crop diversification, in space and time, could be an interesting solution to increase weed contribution to ecosystem services provision, without producing too much disservices

    Augmentation de la biodiversité cultivée et interactions avec la production agricole, la régulation biologique des bioagresseurs et la biodiversité associée

    No full text
    Intensive agriculture is more and more criticized due to its negative impacts on the environment, like biodiversity loss. That’s why agroecological practices based on the increase of the planned diversity are developed. Here, we hypothesised that this increase of the planned diversity could increase the supply of ecosystem services and partly reduce effects of inputs use. The aim of the study is to observed relationships between production of good and ecosystem services of weed regulation and maintaining of associated diversity. Then we identified and described the rotations that have the best synergies between services, on 33 successions from 4 experiments. First, we created indicator to describe the successions then I performed correlations analysis on the variables and performances profiles and Pareto fronts. Finally, the most interesting successions were described with the indicators. So, we observed a negative correlation between production and weeds species richness, which is characterized by an opposition between planned diversity and the use of inputs. However, we highlighted successions which increased weed species richness without decreasing production or weeds regulation. These successions are characterised by a small decrease of inputs use and a small increase of planned diversity. It seems that we must consider in the same time planned biodiversity and input use to create new cropping systems.L’agriculture intensive est de plus en plus remise en cause pour son impact nĂ©gatif sur l’environnement, avec notamment une Ă©rosion de la biodiversitĂ©. C’est pourquoi des pratiques agroĂ©cologiques se basant notamment sur l’augmentation de la diversitĂ© cultivĂ©e sont dĂ©veloppĂ©es. On fait l’hypothĂšse que l’augmentation de la diversitĂ© cultivĂ©e pourrait permettre d’augmenter les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques et substituer en partie l’effet des intrants. L’objectif est d’observer les relations entre production de biens et de services de rĂ©gulation des adventices et de maintien de la diversitĂ© associĂ©e, puis d’identifier et de caractĂ©riser les successions ayant les meilleures synergies entre services, sur 33 successions provenant de 4 essais. AprĂšs la crĂ©ation d’indicateurs dĂ©crivant les successions, des analyses de corrĂ©lations entre variables ainsi que des profils de performances et des fronts de Pareto ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es, puis les successions les plus intĂ©ressantes ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es par les indicateurs. Ainsi, on a pu observer une corrĂ©lation nĂ©gative entre la production et la richesse en adventices, caractĂ©risĂ©e par une opposition entre la diversitĂ© cultivĂ©e et l’utilisation d’intrants. Cependant, on a mis en Ă©vidence des successions permettant d’augmenter la richesse en adventices sans rĂ©duire la production ni la rĂ©gulation des adventices. Celles-ci sont caractĂ©risĂ©es par une faible rĂ©duction de l’utilisation d’intrants et une lĂ©gĂšre augmentation de la diversitĂ© cultivĂ©e. Il faut donc raisonner de maniĂšre cohĂ©rente la diversitĂ© cultivĂ©e et l’utilisation d’intrants

    A landscape-scale approach for linking farming strategies to weed communities and their contribution to ecosystem services

    No full text
    National audienceWeeds present in agricultural fields provide habitats and trophic resources and as such contribute to the provision of ecosystem services such as pollination (quantity and quality of pollen and nectar in flowers) and biological control (seeds for pest natural enemies). The nature and amount of services provided depends on the floral composition of weed communities and this composition is driven by the combination of farming practices. Linking farming strategies to services is thus an important step to provide management guidelines for enhancing ecosystem services. We report here on such an analysis, based on agronomical and weed data collected annually in 70 field cores and field edges between 2008 and 2013 on the Fenay landscape platform, a 1000 ha area of arable farming located near Dijon (Eastern France). Our results indicate that across this study area, farmers adopt contrasted farming strategies and that the observed differences in field management practices lead to differences in the composition of weed communities. Our data also show that weed richness and weed community composition strongly differ between habitats, i.e. field edges and the core of the fields. Thus a phenological survey of the most frequent weeds was set up to estimate their success in providing flower and seed resources during the crop growing season and the quantity of flowers and seeds produced. We expect this success to differ between field cores and field edges and between contrasted field management strategies. Indices of services provision for observed weed communities will derive from the recorded abundance of species and their success and level of trophic resources provision under different habitats and management strategies

    Enhancing weed multifunctionality at a landscape scale: A simulation study

    No full text
    International audienceThere is a pressing need for research guiding the design and management of multifunctional landscapes that combine the delivery of production services and that of other ecosystem services. Arable weeds are an interesting model as they can impact negatively crop production but also contribute to maintain pollination and pest control services. Here, we assessed weed multifunctionality using weed data recorded within a small landscape, in the field edge and field core of 97 fields over six consecutive years. We detected a general positive correlation between harmfulness and services provision, at the field-scale and at the landscape scale. At the field scale, the flora of field edges strongly contributed to the delivery of (dis)services; some fields delivered interesting trade-offs, and this was only weakly explained by the crop management strategy. At the landscape scale, we explored through scenarii the impact of changes in the composition (proportional cover of the different crop management strategies) and structure (field size, i.e. length of field edges) of the land-use mosaics on weed multifunctionality. Land–use mosaics offering interesting trade-offs were for the most part characterised by an even representation of the different crop management strategies. Small-grained landscapes did not offer better trade–offs than the current landscape structure, but slightly improved the inter-annual stability of services. Our results support the idea that promoting the co-existence of various cropping strategies within landscape is a good option to reconcile the positive and negative impacts of weeds

    Analyse multi-échelles de compromis entre services écosystémiques fournis par la flore adventice

    No full text
    National audienceLes adventices, Ă©tant Ă  la base des rĂ©seaux trophiques, jouent un rĂŽle important dans les processus biologiques mis en avant en agroĂ©cologie. Cependant, elles sont Ă©galement en compĂ©tition avec les cultures, il est donc important de s’intĂ©resser aux compromis entre les services et diservices qu’elles fournissent. Pour cela, nous allons nous intĂ©resser au suivi d’une plateforme paysagĂšre, regroupant prĂšs de 150 parcelles contiguĂ«s de grandes cultures. Un suivi des pratiques agricoles ainsi que des relevĂ©s de flore Ă  l’interface et Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de la parcelle y sont rĂ©alisĂ©s depuis 2008. Les services/diservices fournis par les commuanutĂ©s observĂ©es peuvent ensuite ĂȘtre dĂ©terminĂ©s par des indicateurs. Ceux-ci peuvent traduire un niveau de compĂ©tition avec la culture, une valeur pollinique, une valeur de provisions de ressources pour des auxiliaires de culture ou un niveau de biodiversitĂ©. Le but de la thĂšse sera donc d’étudier les synergies ou antagonismes entre ces services aux Ă©chelles spatiales et temporelles. On peut ainsi Ă©tudier les compromis entre parcelles au sein du paysage ou entre l’interface et le plein-champ. On pourra Ă©galement s’intĂ©resser Ă  la rĂ©partition des services, dans le paysage et les parcelles, au cours du temps. L’objectif final sera ainsi d’analyser le rĂŽle que jouent les interfaces dans la fourniture et la stabilitĂ© des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques et de mettre en Ă©vidence des stratĂ©gies de gestion optimisant les compromis
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