Accuracy of P0.1 measurements performed by ICU ventilators: a bench study.

Occlusion pressure at 100 ms (P0.1), defined as the negative pressure measured 100 ms after the initiation of an inspiratory effort performed against a closed respiratory circuit, has been shown to be well correlated with central respiratory drive and respiratory effort. Automated P0.1 measurement is available on modern ventilators. However, the reliability of this measurement has never been studied. This bench study aimed at assessing the accuracy of P0.1 measurements automatically performed by different ICU ventilators. Five ventilators set in pressure support mode were tested using a two-chamber test lung model simulating spontaneous breathing. P0.1 automatically displayed on the ventilator screen (P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> ) was recorded at three levels of simulated inspiratory effort corresponding to P0.1 of 2.5, 5 and 10 cm H <sub>2</sub> O measured directly at the test lung and considered as the reference values of P0.1 (P0.1 <sub>ref</sub> ). The pressure drop after 100 ms was measured offline on the airway pressure-time curves recorded during the automated P0.1 measurements (P0.1 <sub>aw</sub> ). P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> was compared to P0.1 <sub>ref</sub> and to P0.1 <sub>aw</sub> . To assess the potential impact of the circuit length, P0.1 were also measured with circuits of different lengths (P0.1 <sub>circuit</sub> ). Variations of P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> correlated well with variations of P0.1 <sub>ref</sub> . Overall, P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> underestimated P0.1 <sub>ref</sub> except for the Löwenstein <sup>®</sup> ventilator at P0.1 <sub>ref</sub> 2.5 cm H <sub>2</sub> O and for the Getinge group <sup>®</sup> ventilator at P0.1 <sub>ref</sub> 10 cm H <sub>2</sub> O. The agreement between P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> and P0.1 <sub>ref</sub> assessed with the Bland-Altman method gave a mean bias of - 1.3 cm H <sub>2</sub> O (limits of agreement: 1 and - 3.7 cm H <sub>2</sub> O). Analysis of airway pressure-time and flow-time curves showed that all the tested ventilators except the Getinge group <sup>®</sup> ventilator performed an occlusion of at least 100 ms to measure P0.1. The agreement between P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> and P0.1 <sub>aw</sub> assessed with the Bland-Altman method gave a mean bias of 0.5 cm H <sub>2</sub> O (limits of agreement: 2.4 and - 1.4 cm H <sub>2</sub> O). The circuit's length impacted P0.1 measurements' values. A longer circuit was associated with lower P0.1 <sub>circuit</sub> values. P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> relative changes are well correlated to P0.1 <sub>ref</sub> changes in all the tested ventilators. Accuracy of absolute values of P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> varies according to the ventilator model. Overall, P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> underestimates P0.1 <sub>ref</sub> . The length of the circuit may partially explain P0.1 <sub>vent</sub> underestimation

Copper-deficiency in Brassica napus induces copper remobilization, molybdenum accumulation and modification of the expression of chloroplastic proteins

During the last 40 years, crop breeding has strongly increased yields but has had adverse effects on the content of micronutrients, such as Fe, Mg, Zn and Cu, in edible products despite their sufficient supply in most soils. This suggests that micronutrient remobilization to edible tissues has been negatively selected. As a consequence, the aim of this work was to quantify the remobilization of Cu in leaves of Brassica napus L. during Cu deficiency and to identify the main metabolic processes that were affected so that improvements can be achieved in the future. While Cu deficiency reduced oilseed rape growth by less than 19% compared to control plants, Cu content in old leaves decreased by 61.4%, thus demonstrating a remobilization process between leaves. Cu deficiency also triggered an increase in Cu transporter expression in roots (COPT2) and leaves (HMA1), and more surprisingly, the induction of the MOT1 gene encoding a molybdenum transporter associated with a strong increase in molybdenum (Mo) uptake. Proteomic analysis of leaves revealed 33 proteins differentially regulated by Cu deficiency, among which more than half were located in chloroplasts. Eleven differentially expressed proteins are known to require Cu for their synthesis and/or activity. Enzymes that were located directly upstream or downstream of Cu-dependent enzymes were also differentially expressed

High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Photodiode Array Detection for phenylpropanoids and benzoates in Rubus protoplasts elicited by kinetin

International audienc

Seaweed liquid fertilizer from Ascophyllum nodosum contains elicitors of plant D-glycanases

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How to improve chemical synthesis of laminaribiose on a large scale

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Heparin-like agents stimulate low levels of apoptosis induced by Fas agonistic antibody : different inhibitory effects of Hsp27 and Bcl-2.

Heparin-like agents stimulate low levels of apoptosis induced by Fas agonistic antibody : different inhibitory effects of Hsp27 and Bcl-2

Free or silica-bound oligo κ-carrageenans elicit laminarinase activity in <i>Rubus</i> cells and protoplasts

International audienc