Testing robustness of relative complexity measure method constructing robust phylogenetic trees for \u3ci\u3eGalanthus\u3c/i\u3e L. Using the relative complexity measure

Background: Most phylogeny analysis methods based on molecular sequences use multiple alignment where the quality of the alignment, which is dependent on the alignment parameters, determines the accuracy of the resulting trees. Different parameter combinations chosen for the multiple alignment may result in different phylogenies. A new non-alignment based approach, Relative Complexity Measure (RCM), has been introduced to tackle this problem and proven to work in fungi and mitochondrial DNA. Result: In this work, we present an application of the RCM method to reconstruct robust phylogenetic trees using sequence data for genus Galanthus obtained from different regions in Turkey. Phylogenies have been analyzed using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Results showed that, the tree obtained from nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences was more robust, while the tree obtained from the chloroplast DNA showed a higher degree of variation. Conclusions: Phylogenies generated by Relative Complexity Measure were found to be robust and results of RCM were more reliable than the compared techniques. Particularly, to overcome MSA-based problems, RCM seems to be a reasonable way and a good alternative to MSA-based phylogenetic analysis. We believe our method will become a mainstream phylogeny construction method especially for the highly variable sequence families where the accuracy of the MSA heavily depends on the alignment parameters

Testing robustness of relative complexity measure method constructing robust phylogenetic trees for Galanthus L. Using the relative complexity measure

Background: Most phylogeny analysis methods based on molecular sequences use multiple alignment where the quality of the alignment, which is dependent on the alignment parameters, determines the accuracy of the resulting trees. Different parameter combinations chosen for the multiple alignment may result in different phylogenies. A new non-alignment based approach, Relative Complexity Measure (RCM), has been introduced to tackle this problem and proven to work in fungi and mitochondrial DNA. Result: In this work, we present an application of the RCM method to reconstruct robust phylogenetic trees using sequence data for genus Galanthus obtained from different regions in Turkey. Phylogenies have been analyzed using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Results showed that, the tree obtained from nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences was more robust, while the tree obtained from the chloroplast DNA showed a higher degree of variation. Conclusions: Phylogenies generated by Relative Complexity Measure were found to be robust and results of RCM were more reliable than the compared techniques. Particularly, to overcome MSA-based problems, RCM seems to be a reasonable way and a good alternative to MSA-based phylogenetic analysis. We believe our method will become a mainstream phylogeny construction method especially for the highly variable sequence families where the accuracy of the MSA heavily depends on the alignment parameters

Crocus keltepensis (Iridaceae): a new Crocus species from the highest part of the Samanli Mountains, NW Turkey

Crocus keltepensis (Iridaceae) is described as a new endemic species from Kocaeli province in north-western Turkey. Diagnostic morphological characters, a full description, and detailed illustrations are given herein. Crocus keltepensis is distributed in a restricted area in the highest part of the Samanli Mountains. According to its morphological features, it belongs to C. sect. Nudiscapus set Biflori. It shows morphological similarities with C. pulchricolor, which belongs to the same series. However, these two species are separated from each other by flower color, corm tunics, leaf and seed macromoiphological characteristics

Crocus tuna-ekimii (Iridaceae), a new species from Turkey

Crocus tuna-ekimii is described as a new species from Balikesir province in western Anatolia. The new species belongs to C. sect. Nudiscapus ser. Biflori, based on morphological features. It resembles the recently described C. sozenii, but clearly differs from it in flower color, morphology and chromosome number. A full description, detailed illustrations, photographs of metaphase, and SEM micrographs of seed-surface sculpturing pattern are presented. IUCN threat category and observations on the population are presented

Crocus tuna-ekimii (Iridaceae), a new species from Turkey

Crocus tuna-ekimii is described as a new species from Balikesir province in western Anatolia. The new species belongs to C. sect. Nudiscapus ser. Biflori, based on morphological features. It resembles the recently described C. sozenii, but clearly differs from it in flower color, morphology and chromosome number. A full description, detailed illustrations, photographs of metaphase, and SEM micrographs of seed-surface sculpturing pattern are presented. IUCN threat category and observations on the population are presented

Istanbul's flowering plant richness and two rare Apiaceae species

The aim of this paper to summarize vascular plant diversity of the Istanbul province (Turkey). The province covers just 5110 km(2), yet support remarkably high diversity of plant richness with approximately 2500 flowering plant taxa more than total flora of the Netherlands or United Kingdom. The wide diversity of unusual habitats has allowed the development of an astonishingly rich flora. Grassland, forests, heathlands, sand dunes and other coastal habitats and wetlands within the province are high international importance to native conservation. Much of the province of Istanbul is of importance to nature conservation, but 7 areas stand out as being exceptional called Important Plant Areas: 1. Agildere & Agacli dunes; 2. Terkos - Kasatura forests and coastline; 3. Gumusdere-Kilyos dunes; 4. Hadimkoy-Kemerburgaz Grassland and Heatlands; 5. Upper Bosphorus: 6. Sahilkoy to Sile dunes & forests; 7. Istanbul's Asian Hills, Omerli Basin. The most of herbarium specimens of the vascular flora of Istanbul have been deposited in ISTE Herbarium. Because of the this paper presented in the Apiales Meeting, the first Apiaceae specimens kept in ISTE, Artedia squamata L. and two rare Apiaceae species (Peucedenum obtusifolium and Heptaptera triquetra) have been discussed

Crocus ancyrensis subsp guneri (Iridaceae), a new subspecies from Turkey

Crocus ancyrensis subsp. guneri is described and illustrated as a new subspecies from Amasya province in Northern Anatolia. A description, detailed illustrations, photographs of metaphase plate and SEM micrographs of seed surface sculpturing pattern are presented. The new subspecies differs from the type subspecies by its prominent flower colouration. While the new subspecies has constantly and intensively suffused or striped with purplish-brown colour on the outer side of the outer perigone segments, the type subspecies always lacks any coloration on the outer side of the outer perigone segments

A new subspecies of Crocus pestalozzae (Iridaceae) from Turkey

C. pestalozzae subsp. violaceus is described as a new subspecies from northwest Anatolia. The new taxa differs from subsp. pestalozzae by its flower colour, leaf and flower size, kartotype, habitat and growing elevation. Diagnostic characters, a full description, and detailed illustrations are presented. Also photograps of metephase plate, karyotypes and idiograms of two subsp. of C. pestalozzae are given. The geographical distribution of the subspecies is mapped. IUCN threatened category and observations on the population are noted

Crocus ancyrensis subsp. guneri (Iridaceae), a new subspecies from Turkey

Crocus ancyrensis subsp. guneri is described and illustrated as a new subspecies from Amasya province in Northern Anatolia. A description, detailed illustrations, photographs of metaphase plate and SEM micrographs of seed surface sculpturing pattern are presented. The new subspecies differs from the type subspecies by its prominent flower colouration. While the new subspecies has constantly and intensively suffused or striped with purplish-brown colour on the outer side of the outer perigone segments, the type subspecies always lacks any coloration on the outer side of the outer perigone segments

A new subspecies of Crocus pestalozzae (Iridaceae) from Turkey

C. pestalozzae subsp. violaceus is described as a new subspecies from northwest Anatolia. The new taxa differs from subsp. pestalozzae by its flower colour, leaf and flower size, kartotype, habitat and growing elevation. Diagnostic characters, a full description, and detailed illustrations are presented. Also photograps of metephase plate, karyotypes and idiograms of two subsp. of C. pestalozzae are given. The geographical distribution of the subspecies is mapped. IUCN threatened category and observations on the population are noted