Comparison of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Spores Abundance Under Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & Grimes) Planted on Deep Peat and Mineral Soils

Mycorrhizae are known as soil fungi because of their habitat in the rooting area (rhizosphere). Nearly 97% of terrestrial plant species interact or symbiotic with mycorrhizae. Symbiosis is formed in the form of an exchange between nutrients and carbohydrates and helps plants absorb P. elements. In Kalimantan, sengon often used as industrial material because it is fast-growing species and widely cultivated by the community. Sengon is a common species planted in mineral soils; however, due to the rising demand of sengon timber, it has been planted on peatlands. This study aims to compare the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and identify the morphology of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores associated with Sengon planted on peatlands and mineral soils. This study used a wet sieving method and root staining from the modification of Vierherling et al. 1996 and calculation of root mycorrhizal colonization with gridline techniques. The research used the normality test of data distribution and the T test (Independent sample T test) to determine trends and comparison of differences in the abundance of FMA spores. The study results showed a significant difference in the abundance of AMF in the form of colonization by calculating the percentage of AMF colonization in the sengon root in mineral soils and peatlands of 23.56% 41.67%, respectively. The spore density on mineral soils and peatlands were  18.05 / 50gr and 1.09 / 50gr, respectively. Identification results showed that there were four genera found in peat soil locations, namely the genus Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora, while in the mineral soil were found three generas namely genus Glomus, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora. Out of the four generas, the most abundant in both soil types was Glomus

Keragaman dan Komposisi Jenis Tumbuhan Sebagai Bioindikator Pemulihan Lahan Gambut di Kalimantan Tengah Setelah Terbakar

AbstrakDegradasi hutan menyebabkan perubahan komposisi jenis penyusun tegakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh gambaran kemampuan regenerasi alami dari areal bekas terbakar berdasarkan parameter keragaman jenis dan menggambarkan proses regenerasi alami pada areal bekas terbakar. Survei untuk memperoleh data jumlah dan kerapatan jenis, keragaman, dan komposisi jenis penyusun tegakan pada tiga lokasi yakni areal hutan sekunder, bekas terbakar 1997, dan bekas terbakar 2015. Penentuan keragaman jenis tersebut menggunakan beberapa indeks ekologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi jenis penyusun tegakan bervariasi antar lokasi. Pada areal bekas terbakar 2015, jumlah dan komposisi jenis penyusun tegakannya paling rendah, sedangkan pada areal bekas terbakar 1997 dan hutan sekunder mempunyai jumlah dan komposisi jenis yang hampir mirip. Perubahan komposisi jenis terbesar terjadi pada areal bekas terbakar 2015 dengan pengurangan jenis >82% untuk seluruh tingkat permudaan. Berdasarkan indeks ekologinya, areal hutan sekunder mempunyai tingkat kemerataan yang tinggi, tidak didominasi oleh jenis tertentu, dan jenis lebih beragam. Namun demikian, indeks ekologi pada areal bekas terbakar 1997 mendekati nilai dari hutan sekunder. Kondisi ini berdasarkan indeks kesamaan komunitas yang tinggi pada tingkat semai dan pancang >50%. Hal ini menunjukkan pemulihan alami pada areal bekas terbakar 1997 sangat mungkin terjadi dan areal bekas terbakar 2015 membutuhkan intervensi untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemulihannya.AbstractThe forest degradation has altered stand composition. The research objectives was to obtain natural regeneration ability of post burning area based on species diversity parameter and describing the process of natural regeneration on the burnt area. The survey was carried out to obtain the data of number and species density, diversity and species composition of three stands including secondary forest, arean burnt in 1997 and 2015. Species diversity was measured with several ecological index. The result showed that species composition varied between those areas. The lowest stand species compositon was the 2015 burnt area. The 1997 burnt area and the secondary forest were similar in terms of stand species composition. The biggest changes of species composition was the 2015 burnt area with species removal of more than 82% for all regeneration stages. Based on the ecological indexes, the secondary forest had the highest evenness, no domination of a certain species and more diverse species existed. Nevertheless, ecological index of area burnt in 1997 was resembling the value of secondary forest. This condition was shown by the community similarity index of seedlings and saplings of  >50%. It indicated that the natural regeneration of the 1997 burnt area was happening and intervention was needed for the 2015 burnt area

Biodiversity in Lower Montane Forest of Petungkriyono: A Review

One of the symbols of biodiversity in Indonesia’s lower montane forest is Petungkriyono. Due to its location adjacent to populated areas, it has an impact on the survival of the local flora and animals in the Petungkriyono forest area. This study aims to provide a preliminary description of the plant and animal species found in the Petungkriyono forest area. A synoptic review method to Petungkriyono biodiversity publications was used in the writing of the article. The study’s findings revealed that the Petungkriyono forest region consisted of 168 species of wildlife and 204 species of plants. Certain species are endemic, while others fall into the IUCN conservation status categories of Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), and Critically Endangered (CR). It is also a certain that a number of species will be added to the CITES Appendix list in 2023 (Appendices I and II). The demands of population expansion and poaching are the current issues, burdening the forest areas that are already there. High biodiversity, stunning scenery, and the presence of indigenous knowledge can all present opportunities for ecotourism. Immediate implementation of conservative measures, such as maximizing current opportunities to preserve biodiversity, is essential

Formulating the Direction of Community Land Use to Support the Conservation of Javanese Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) Habitat at Petungkriyono, Central Java

The Petungkriyono forest is one of the few remnant tropical forests on the island of Java, particularly in Central Java. This forest is known for its high conservation value due to its abundance of biodiversity, particularly the endangered Javan gibbon or Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch). The Petungkriyono people, on the other hand, rely on upland agriculture and cultivation on steep slopes as a means of subsistence, which poses a threat to the Petungkriyono forest. This paper aims to formulate the direction of the community land use at the habitat of Javanese gibbon at Petungkriyono. The method used the Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA). SMCA was applied to create the initial model of the zoning description of sustainable land use in Petungkriyono. The SMCA analysis process includes goal setting and conceptualization, data collection, analysis, field ground checks, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with the community and related parties. The result showed that considering the massive changes of land use at Petungkriyono almost 70% of the area is formulated for perservation and protection to support the conservation of Javan gibbon

Tree species that 'live slow, die older' enhance tropical peat swamp restoration : Evidence from a systematic review

Degraded tropical peatlands lack tree cover and are often subject to seasonal flooding and repeated burning. These harsh environments for tree seedlings to survive and grow are therefore challenging to revegetate. Knowledge on species performance from previous plantings represents an important evidence base to help guide future tropical peat swamp forest (TPSF) restoration efforts. We conducted a systematic review of the survival and growth of tree species planted in degraded peatlands across Southeast Asia to examine (1) species differences, (2) the impact of seedling and site treatments on survival and growth and (3) the potential use of plant functional traits to predict seedling survival and growth rates. Planted seedling monitoring data were compiled through a systematic review of journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, theses and unpublished datasets. In total, 94 study-sites were included, spanning three decades from 1988 to 2019, and including 141 indigenous peatland tree and palm species. Accounting for variable planting numbers and monitoring durations, we analysed three measures of survival and growth: (1) final survival weighted by the number of seedlings planted, (2) half-life, that is, duration until 50% mortality and (3) relative growth rates (RGR) corrected for initial planting height of seedlings. Average final survival was 62% and half-life was 33 months across all species, sites and treatments. Species differed significantly in survival and half-life. Seedling and site treatments had small effects with the strongest being higher survival of mycorrhizal fungi inoculated seedlings; lower survival, half-life and RGR when shading seedlings; and lower RGR and higher survival when fertilising seedlings. Leaf nutrient and wood density traits predicted TPSF species survival, but not half-life and RGR. RGR and half-life were negatively correlated, meaning that slower growing species survived for longer. Synthesis and applications. To advance tropical peat swamp reforestation requires expanding the number and replication of species planted and testing treatments by adopting control vs. treatment experimental designs. Species selection should involve slower growing species (e.g. Lophopetalum rigidum, Alstonia spatulata, Madhuca motleyana) that survive for longer and explore screening species based on functional traits associated with nutrient acquisition, flooding tolerance and recovery from fire.Peer reviewe

Tree species that 'live slow, die older' enhance tropical peat swamp restoration : Evidence from a systematic review

Degraded tropical peatlands lack tree cover and are often subject to seasonal flooding and repeated burning. These harsh environments for tree seedlings to survive and grow are therefore challenging to revegetate. Knowledge on species performance from previous plantings represents an important evidence base to help guide future tropical peat swamp forest (TPSF) restoration efforts. We conducted a systematic review of the survival and growth of tree species planted in degraded peatlands across Southeast Asia to examine (1) species differences, (2) the impact of seedling and site treatments on survival and growth and (3) the potential use of plant functional traits to predict seedling survival and growth rates. Planted seedling monitoring data were compiled through a systematic review of journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, theses and unpublished datasets. In total, 94 study-sites were included, spanning three decades from 1988 to 2019, and including 141 indigenous peatland tree and palm species. Accounting for variable planting numbers and monitoring durations, we analysed three measures of survival and growth: (1) final survival weighted by the number of seedlings planted, (2) half-life, that is, duration until 50% mortality and (3) relative growth rates (RGR) corrected for initial planting height of seedlings. Average final survival was 62% and half-life was 33 months across all species, sites and treatments. Species differed significantly in survival and half-life. Seedling and site treatments had small effects with the strongest being higher survival of mycorrhizal fungi inoculated seedlings; lower survival, half-life and RGR when shading seedlings; and lower RGR and higher survival when fertilising seedlings. Leaf nutrient and wood density traits predicted TPSF species survival, but not half-life and RGR. RGR and half-life were negatively correlated, meaning that slower growing species survived for longer. Synthesis and applications. To advance tropical peat swamp reforestation requires expanding the number and replication of species planted and testing treatments by adopting control vs. treatment experimental designs. Species selection should involve slower growing species (e.g. Lophopetalum rigidum, Alstonia spatulata, Madhuca motleyana) that survive for longer and explore screening species based on functional traits associated with nutrient acquisition, flooding tolerance and recovery from fire.Peer reviewe

Agroforesty System For Rehabilitation of Degraded Peatland in Central Kalimantan

The aim of this research was to analyze the development of jelutung in the agroforestry system for the rehabilitation of the degraded peatland fulfilling technically applicable and environmentally friendly. Primary data of this research were collected via interviews, observations, field measurements and focus group discussion (FGD) involving all parties. The research results showed that the development of jelutung in agroforestry system was technically applicable, and environmentally friendly for the rehabilitation of degraded peatlands. There are 5 certified jelutung seed sources in Central Kalimantan Province that can produce about 126,920,000 seeds per years. The local people’s nursery can produce 1 – 3 million readily planted jelutung seedlings per years. In sallow peatland there are 3 agroforestry systems that have already been developed by the local people. In deep peatlands, there are 2 agroforestry systems that have already been developed by the local people. Jelutung growth performances on a variety of agroforestry systems showed that the annual stem height increment reached 86.55 – 127.94 cm and stem diameter increased 1.56 – 2.15 cm. On the environmental aspect it is known that the diversity of peatland macro-fauna covered with jelutung agroforestry was greater than that covered with monoculture and abandoned land (as indicated by Shannon Wiener index values, that were 1.8; 1.,2; 1.7, respectively for PSM method). The peatland covered by jelutung agroforestry exhibited by the following characteristisc: pH=3.94; N total = 0.4%; C organic = 48.58%; C/N = 121.45

Response of tropical peat swamp forest tree species seedlings to macro nutrients

Abstract Efforts of restoration of degraded tropical peat swamp forest were facing constraints due to the low available nutrient level of peat. The transplanted peat swamp forest species seedlings experienced low survival rate and poor growth performance. This study aimed to demonstrate the response of ten tropical peat swamp forest species seedlings whether climax and pioneer species to macro-nutrients addition in the nursery. The growth performance of climax and pioneer tropical peat swamp species seedlings was recorded following addition of macro nutrients of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus(P), Potassium(K) and Dolomitic limestone (CaMg). The result showed that Alstonia spatulata and Parartocarpus venenosus showed positive growth response following macro nutrients addition. This study concluded that tropical peat swamp pioneer species has lower necessity for macro-nutrients addition than tropical peat swamp climax species

Isolation of peat swamp forest foliar endophyte fungi as biofertilizer

Peatland restoration activity is facing many obstacles, particularly in planting techniques and poor nutrient in peat soil. Naturally, endophytic fungi are abundant and have great potential as biofertilizer. This research investigates the potential endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of peat swamp tree species for biofertilizer. Research activities include: exploration, in vitro test to examine the phosphate solubilization and identification. Result showed that there were 360 leave segments collected from 4 sampling locations. The colonization percentage of 222 isolates ranged from 52.17% - 60.17%. Fifty seven morphospecies were selected from 222 isolates. Twelve isolates demonstrated ability to produce clear zones and ten isolates were selected for identification. It is concluded that twelve isolated demonstrated potential ability to produce clear zone and Penicillum citrinum isolate P3.10 was identified as an isolate that show the highest potential ability as a biofertilize

The Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Infective Propagules Under Galam Stand at Shallow Peat of South Kalimantan

Colonization of arbuscular mycorrhiza on plants has been reported to give benefit to p lants, especially at extreme sites such as degraded peatland. Galam (Mela leuca ca juputi) is an indigenous peatland species which grows on acidic condition. The number of arbuscular mycorrhiza infective propagules is important to be determined concerning the galam regeneration due to its offered benefits that support colonization. This research aims to determine the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza infective propagules under galam stand and to describe symbiotic forms of AMF colonization on the roots of galam. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method, wet sieving, and root staining from the modification of Vierherlig et al., 1996, and the calculation of root’s mycorrhizal colonization by grid line technique were the methods that were used in this research. The research used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with a 5-fold factorial pattern. The results of this study indicated a significant difference between the abundance of AMF under galam stands at the depth of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm respectively . The results of spores identification showed 4 genera of spores, namely: Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora. The structure of root colonizations were hyphae, spores, vesicles, and arbuscular