The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms

Recent advances in genome technology revealed various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of DNA sequence variation between alleles, in several plant species. The discovery and application of SNPs increased our knowledge about genetic diversity and a better understanding on crop improvement. Natural breeding process which takes an agelong time during collecting, cultivating, and domestication has been accelerated by detecting dozens of SNPs on various species using advanced biotechnological techniques such as next-generation sequencing. This will result in the improvement of economically important traits. Therefore, we would like to focus on the discovery, current technologies, and applications of SNPs in breeding. The chapter covers the following topics: (1) introduction, (2) application of SNPs, (3) techniques to detect SNPs, (4) importance of SNPs for crop improvement, and (5) conclusion

Farklı Propolis Örneklerinin Ana Bileşenleri

Propolis is a resinous material collected from plant by honey bees. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition of Hakkari (Turkey) propolis. For this, eight propolis samples collected from different geographical locations were extracted in ethanol and then chemical content of samples were detected by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, hydrocarbons, aliphatic acids and their esters, carboxylic acids and their esters, cinnamic acids and their esters, flavonoids, alcohols and terpens were determined in propolis samples. It was found that total flavonoid content of propolis 6 (P6) was significantly higher than other samples. Also, ‘Ethyl oleate’ compound was identified in all samples with different amounts.Propolis bal arıları tarafından bitkilerden toplanan reçinemsi bir maddedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Hakkari (Türkiye)’den toplanan propolisin kimyasal içeriğini incelemektir. Bu amaçla farklı coğrafik özelliklere sahip yerlerden toplanan sekiz propolis örneğinin ilk olarak etanol özütleri hazırlandı ve daha sonra kimyasal bileşenlerinin yoğunluğu gaz kromatografisi ve kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) aracılığıyla belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, hidrokarbonlar, alifatik asit ve esterleri, karboksilik asit ve esterleri, sinnamik asit ve esterleri, flavonoidler, alkoller ve terpenler propolis örneklerinde tespit edildi. Propolis 6’nın total flavonoid içeriği diğer örneklere kıyasla daha yüksek oranda bulundu. Ayrıca ‘Etil oleat’ bileşiği bütün propolis örneklerinde farklı miktarlarda saptandı

A Review on the Antibacterial Activities of Honey and Propolis

Giriş: Bu çalışmada bal ve propolisin antibakteriyel aktiviteleri literatürde yapılan çalışmalar ışığında tartışılarak bir derleme haline getirilmiş ve bu ürünlerin insan sağlığı açısından önemine vurgu yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bulgular: Bal, bitki nektarlarının, bitkilerin canlı kısımlarındaki salgıların veya bitkilerin canlı kısımları üzerinde yaşayan bitki emici böceklerin salgılarının bal arıları tarafından toplandıktan sonra arının kendine özgü maddelerle birleştirerek değişikliğe uğrattığı doğal bir üründür. Propolis ise bitkilerin farklı kısımlarından bal arıları tarafından toplanan reçinemsi bir maddedir. Bal ve propolisin antibakteriyel aktiviteleri ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde bu ürünlerin hastalık ve enfeksiyonları engellemeye karşı olumlu etkilere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Özellikle arıların mikroorganizmalara karşı kimyasal silahı olarak nitelendirilen propolis üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda bu ürünün birçok patojen mikroorganizmanın gelişimini yavaşlattığı veya durdurduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Arıcılık çok fazla maddi imkana gerek duymadan toplumun tüm bireyleri tarafından yapılabilecek tarımsal bir faaliyet alanıdır. Bal ve propolis bu faaliyet sonucunda elde edilen önemli arı ürünleri arasındadır. Bu ürünlerin antifungal, antibakteriyel, antioksidan, antikanser gibi terapötik etkileri nedeniyle son yıllarda kullanımı gittikçe artmaktadır. Fakat yapılacak olan yeni laboratuvar çalışmalarıyla henüz üzerinde çalışma yapılmamış önemli patojen mikroorganizmalara karşıda bu ürünlerin etkileri değerlendirilerek literatüre katkı sağlanmalıdır. Anahtar kelimeler: Arıcılık, bal, propolis, antibakteriyel aktivite, terapötik, antimikrobiya

COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARAMETERS AND AGPase ACTIVITY OF WILD TYPE AND TRANSGENIC Oryza sativa L. PLANTS

In the current study, we aim to determine the photosynthetic activity of transgenic rice which have different ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) mutations and wild rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) and comparative analysis of amount of pigment and AGPase enzyme activity. Wild type and transgenic rice plants which have IV, QC and IVQC mutations which containing different amino acid content with the AGPase large subunits were grown in the climate chambers adjusted to long day conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and photosynthesis capacity calculations were performed on live leaves of mutant and wild rice plants by using portable photosynthesis device. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b and total chlorophyll content were calculated and the comparison of starch quantities was obtained by using starch iodine staining method. In addition, AGPase kinetic parameters in the leaves were determined by enzyme kinetic characterization. Chlorophyll pigment analysis showed no significant difference in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b and total chlorophyll contents of leaves and in photosynthetic fluorescence measurements in wild and transgenic plants. However, the partially purified QC mutant AGPase enzymes in AGPase kinetic characterization showed higher binding affinity to ATP and G1P substrates than wild-type and other mutant AGPase enzymes. In the iodine staining method, the QC mutant plant leaves were assigned wild type and higher amount of starch than the other mutants. As a result; the AGPase structure of the QC mutant transgenic rice plants exhibited a more stable character and increased starch starch content. It is thought that these data will shed light on the physiological and morphological studies of the third generation transgenic plants to be obtained in the future

Screening of Plant Pollen Sources, Polyphenolic Compounds, Fatty Acids and Antioxidant/Antimicrobial Activity from Bee Pollen

In this study, the botanical origin, total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant activity, phenolic profile and fatty acid composition of mixed bee pollen loads collected in Bayburt, Turkey, were determined. In addition to these assays, antibacterial activity of bee-collected pollen extract (BCPE) against a variety of food-borne pathogenic bacteria was determined in vitro. Pollen loads were classified into five botanical families based on their color: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Campanulaceae, Cistaceae and Rosaceae. Total flavonoid, total phenolic, CUPRAC and CERAC concentrations were 173.52 mg GAE/g, 79.21 mg QE/g, 85.59 mg Trolox/g and 118.13 mg Trolox/g, respectively. Twenty-three phenolic compounds were scanned in bee pollen extract by LC-MS/MS, with rutin being the most abundant. Cis-4,7,10,13,16,19 docosahexaenoic acid was the predominant fatty acid, followed by cis-11-eicosenoic acid, palmitic acid, and alfa linolenic acid. In addition, the agar well diffusion (AWD) and micro-broth dilution methods were used to determine of the antibacterial activity of the BCPE sample. MIC values were observed to vary between 2.5-5 mg/mL for Gram-positive bacteria and 5-10 mg/mL for Gram-negative bacteria. These findings indicate that bee pollen could be a potential source of antioxidants and antimicrobials